HB 3527 
.P9 fl5 
1921 
Copy 1 



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SOME ASPECTS 



of the 



POPULATION OF PROVIDENCE 




By 
LESTER BURRELL SHIPPEE, Ph. D. 

Special Agent 

Rhode Island Bureau of Labor 



PROVIDENCE 

E. L. FREEMAN COMPANY, PRINTERS 

1921 



Wofiograp^ 



4 

1 '^c^^^ 



SOME ASPECTS 



of the 



POPULATION OF PROVIDENCE 



By 
LESTER BURRELL SHIPPEE, Ph. D. 

Special Agent 

Rhode Island Bureau of Labor 



NOTE 

In large part the information, upon which the tables of this report 
are based, was obtained from the statistics gathered by the Com- 
missioner of Industrial Statistics of Rhode Island. Assistance was 
rendered by officials of the various organizations mentioned in the 
report, as well as by the Providence Police Department and by 
several manufacturing organizations of the city. 



:T<AuY Or CONGRESS 
RCCEIVED 

„ - .^ ■ir-n''i 



■DOCUMENTS piy(3IGN_^ 



COMPONENT ELEMENTS OF RHODE ISLAND^S 
POPULATION. 



The population of^Rhode Island, as shown by the State census of 
1915, presents nearly as diverse elements as may be found in any 
portion of the United States. An intense industrialism within a 
small geographical area has been the cause of the congregation of 
representatives of nearly every European and of many Oriental 
lands within the bounds of Rhode Island. Just as in other portions 
of the United States a study of the population-figures for a period of 
years reveals the transfei^ence of the emphasis upon northern 
European stocks to those of the Slavic and Mediterranean peoples. 
At the same time it is seen by the figures for native born persons who 
have foreign born fathers that this shift for Rhode Island has been 
fairly recent. For instance, while the poll of 1915 show^s that as a 
single group the immigrant Italians outnumber any other group 
(unless there are excepted those born in Great Britian and the non- 
French Canadians) , yet native bom persons with Italian fathers are 
out-numbered by the Irish as well as by those from Great Britain 
and non-French Canada. 

Aside fron the ItaUans the French form the largest single group of 
non-English speaking immigrants to Rhode Island. The term 
"French," as used in the tables, includes persons born in Canada, 
France and Belgium; the number born in Europe is very small, so 
that "French" practically means Canadian French. The French 
Canadian population of Rhode Island has long been large, a fact 
emphasized by the number of persons with fathers born in Canada. 
In fact it was not until the census of 1915 that the French group lost 
its numerical supremacy among the language groups (non-English) 



4 COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. 

and took second place to the Italian group; as it is, the French 
stock considerably out-numbers the Italian stock. 

Among other interesting features of Rhode Island's population 
elements is the fact that there is a comparatively small number of 
representatives from northern continental Europe. Neither the 
German nor the Scandinavian group is large, although of the two 
divisions the latter is considerably the more numerous. Throughout 
the United States as a whole, German stock forms about 10 per cent, 
of the total population, but in Rhode Island it is less than 2 per cent. 
The discrepancy in the ease of the Scandinavians is not so marked 
but is nevertheless notable. Such a situation is probably explained 
by the fact that Rhode Island emphasizes manufactures and com- 
merce rather than argiculture, and there has been a tendency on the 
part of Teutonic immigrants to seek the more predominantly agri- 
cultural regions, especially those of the north Middle West. 

While the Mediterranean stock in Rhode Island is largely Italian, 
one other country affords a considerable addition to the population. 
The Portuguese have in late years been reaching New England in ever 
increasing numbers and Rhode Island has come in for a goodly share. 
If both the Italians and Portuguese are not reckoned in the Medi- 
terranean list there is little left, for there are very few Greeks and 
Spain has a negligible representation. In Rhode Island the Portu- 
guese are found for the most part along the waterfront and are most 
numerous in Providence and Newport, although such towns as 
Warren, Bristol, and Barrington contain a goodly sprinkling of 
them. 

A steadily growing contingent from Turkey in Asia, fomid almost 
entirely in Providence county, is made up largely of Armenians and 
Syrians. These people seek the centers of population; only a neg- 
ligible number can be found outside of Providence, Central Falls, 
Pawtucket and Woonsocket. 

A m.ore detailed study of the population elements of Rhode Island 
appears in the tables wherein there is first an analysis of native and 
foreign born, and native and foreign stocks; secondly, figures showing 



POPULATION OF PROVmENCE. O 

these groups by countries of birth; and lastly, figures by larger groups 
according to racial composition. 

In using these figures it has to be remembered that the term 
foreign stock is here used to include both foreign born and those born 
in this country but with foreign born father for any specified group. 
Even this classification may be misleading, for a second native born 
generation may display quite as alien characteristics as a second 
generation. For instance, we may have an Italian whose father was 
born in the United States but who has been reared in an Italian 
section; in spite of public schools and other agencies this man may 
display the traits commonly attributed to Italians quite as much as 
one born in Italy but brought to America at an early age. On the 
other hand the son of an Englishman would be reckoned among those 
of foreign stock and yet there are few who would be able to distinguish 
him from a descendant of seventeenth century Puritans. 

As used in the following tables foreign stock is not taken to mean 
just what the same term does in the reports of the Federal Census of 
1910; there the classification was made by language groups as well 
as by country of birth, but the figures complied from the returns of 
the State census do not allow this distinction to be made. Never- 
theless, if certain facts are kept in mind when the tables are used 
there will be little difficulty. For instance it is not altogether 
accurate when we say that foreign stock means those who are foreign 
born together with those who are bom in this country but with a 
foreign born father. There is a slight difference between the number 
of foreign born fathers and foreign bom mothers in every group, 
thus indicating intermarriage between native born and foreign bom, 
as well as between different racial groups. The discrepancy is, how- 
ever, so small in comparison with the total number that a sufficiently 
clear picture of racial conditions is presented in most cases. The 
intermarriage of foreign bom and native bom of different stock, 
especially when the stocks are not English speaking, occurs so in- 
frequently as to be practically negligible. 



6 



COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. 



A further caution needs to be given in connection with the use of 
terms. Where Germanic is used, it indicates persons born in 
Germany, Austria, the Scandinavian countries, Holland, and Fin- 
land, but this gives no notion of the large number of Jews included. 
Since there was no enumeration according to language (mother- 
tongue), but only according to country of birth, all Hebrews are 
noted as born in Russia, Poland, Austria, or whatever the country 
may be; consequently, for instance, where the term Polish or Poland 
is found it includes both Poles and Jews. A partial check upon 
this inaccuracy is obtained by a comparison with the figures of the 
Federal Census of 1910, where a tabulation was attempted according 
to mother-tongue, as well as by country of birth. Such a com- 
parison yields the following results : 



1910. 


Total 
Foreign 
Stock. 


Foreign 
Born. 


Foreign 

or Mixed 

Parentage. 


Polish 


10,678 
12,106 


7,037 

7,548 


3,641 
4,558 


Hebrew and Yiddish 



1915. 


Total 
Foreign 
Stock. 


Foreign 
Born. 


Native 

Born with 

Foreign 

Born 
Fathers. 


Poland (Austrian-German, Russian) 

Russia fexckiding Poland) 


15,693 
13,804 


9,489 

7,715 


6,204 
6,089 





In like manner, where Russia is given as the country of birth, it is 
impossible to know whether the individuals enumerated were Slavs 
(Poles) or Hebrews. A check, however, is obtained by using the 
above tables and noting that, in 1910, 52.3 per cent, of all giving 
Russia, including Russian Poland, as the country of birth also gave 
Hebrew or Yiddish as the mother-tongue. Moreover, the 1910 
census showed that the number of Slavs, exclusive of Poles, in Rhode 
Island was small; the chief groups being, by mother-tongue, 858 
Letts and Lithuanians, 226 Ruthenians, 66 Bulgarians, and 59 



POPULATION OF PROVIDENCE. 7 

Slovenians. From these facts it is possible to conclude that, of those 
giving Poland as the country of birth, about one-third are Poles and 
the rest Jews; those who report Russia (excluding Poland) as the 
country of birth are nearly all Hebrew. 

Wherever the term Scandinavian has been used in the tables it 
* comprises those born in Finland as well as Norwegians, Swedes, and 
Danes. Furthermore in this connection, it is to be noted that the 
Swedes alone of the Scandinavians afford any considerable portion of 
the total. Over 90 per cent, of all Scandinavians in Rhode Island 
are Swedes. 

The table for foreign stocks, as differentiated from foreign born 
only, is presented because a very incomplete, and indeed, inaccurate 
impression is gained if one judges alone from the number of foreign 
born. Particularly among people whose native tongue is not Eng- 
lish is it found that the native born children of foreign born parents 
present quite as great a problem as do the foreign born themselves. 
Furthermore, it is with and through the children of aliens that the 
most effective work of assimilation is accomplished. It would be, 
then, entirely misleading, to say that the population of Woonsocket, 
for example, is made up of 23,889 persons born in the United States 
and 16,186 born abroad, for of those born in the United States 15,172 
have foreign born fathers, while the mothers are, with few exceptions, 
of the same racial group as fathers and the majority of them are 
foreign born as well. Consequently it gives a decidedly more 
accurate impression to state that 78.1 per cent, of the population of 
Woonsocket is foreign stock, than to say that 40.3 per cent, is foreign 
born. Some, even many, of the 37.8 per cent who have foreign born 
fathers are truly assimilated into our social fabric, others are in the 
process of assimilation, while still others have the whole course to run. 

ELEMENTS IN THE POPULATION OF PROVIDENCE. 

Providence, as the largest urban center in Rhode Island, presents 
some interesting divergences from the State as a whole in connection 



» COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. 

with the foreign born population and the total foreign stock. Taking 
first the topic of the foreign born alone, it is seen that while in the 
State the largest single homogeneous group — that of British and 
non-French Canadian birth — leads all the others, in Providence the 
Italians form the largest unit. In the State 42,723 persons were 
born in Great Britian and Canada (non-French), 7.3 per cent, of the 
total population; in Providence 16,229 persons or 6.6 per cent, of the 
total has this nativity. In other words, if the persons of this group 
were scattered proportionately throughout the whole State according 
to governmental units there would be a larger proportion in Provi- 
dence than is now the case. 

The large Italian group in Providence is indicated both by the 
actual number, 20,563 born in Italy, and by the large percentage 
(8.3 per cent.) of the total population which this number forms. 
Providence, with 41.6 per cent, of the population of the State, has 
60.6 per cent, of all ItaUan born, or 20,563 out of 33,802. The 
number of Italian bom, in fact, exceeds that of all the other groups 
together if the British, non-French Canadian and Irish groups are 
omitted. 

Persons born in Ireland (27,044) form 4.6 per cent, of the total 
population of the State, but those in Providence (14,586) are 5.8 
per cent, of the whole. The Irish, then, form the second largest group 
of foreign born in the city. If the Irish and British are combined in 
one estimate, together they outnumber the Italian born, but only by 
a small margin, 10.8 per cent, as against 8.3 per cent. 

Perhaps one of the most striking comparisons comes in connection 
with the French Canadians, French and Belgians, which are prop- 
erly classed together on linguistic and ethnic grounds. For the 
State this group stands third in order of magnitude, being out- 
numbered only by the British and non-French Canadians and 
Italians. Those bom in France and Belgium are together but a very 
small portion of the total number, so that essentially the term 
French as applied to the population elements in Rhode Island means 
Canadian French. This French group gives 5.3 per cent, of the 



POPULATION OF PROVIDENCE. 9 

State's population, but it forms but 1.7 per cent, of the population of 
Providence. When one compares the very small proportion of 
French in Providence with the large proportion in Woonsocket, for 
example, the comparison becomes more striking. Woonsocket not 
only has more than twice as many French as Providence has, but 
this group forms about one-fourth (24.4 per cent.) of Woonsocket's 
total population. 

No other particularly noticeable disparity between elements of 
population in the State and in Providence appear except in the case 
of the Jews. The bulk of the Hebrew element congregates in the 
larger centers of population and for Rhode Island this means es- 
pecially in Providence. 

Foreign Stock. — The figures for the foreign born population 
convey only a vague idea of the actual situation unless they are 
compared with those for the total foreign stock. As it was noted 
above, for this study foreign stock has been taken to include both 
those who were born abroad and those who, although themselves 
born in the United States, have fathers born abroad. The foreign 
born population of Providence is 32.5 per cent, of the total (as 
against 31.2 per cent, for the whole State); the foreign stock in 
Providence forms 65.3 per cent, of the 247,660 persons enumerated 
in 1915, while the foreign stock of the State is 63.3 per cent, of the 
total number of persons. A comparison of the foreign born and the 
foreign stock under the various groups not only discloses more clearly 
the actual situation but it also affords a glimpse of the change in the 
trend of immigration. At the present time the largest foreign stock 
is that of the Irish, who form 17.3 per cent, of the total population of 
the city (as against 13.6 per cent, in the State), but the Italian stock 
is pressing this leadership hard. Although only one-tenth of the 
State's population is of Italian stock, that stock accounts for 15 per 
cent, of Providence's population, leaving to the Irish a lead of less 
than two and one-half per cent. 

Taking the figures of the 1910 census and comparing them with 
the 1915 figures it is seen that even this small numerical superiority 



10 COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. 

of the Irish appears in danger of being lost. In 1910 the number of 
Irish born persons in Providence was greater by over a thousand than 
the number in 1915, while the number of those born in Italy rose in 
five years from 17,305 to 20,563, an increase of 3,258 or nearly 19 
per cent. Although, when the census of 1915 was taken, the exodus 
of Italians on account of the war had not been carried to the point it 
later reached, if the census had been taken a few months earlier, the 
increase would have been greater than 19 per cent. Conversely if 
the census had been taken a year later (1916) it would be shown that 
the number of Italians bom abroad would be smaller than that found 
in 1915. 

The increasingly Southern European complexion of the population 
of Providence is further shown by the increase in the number of 
persons of Portuguese birth, including not only those of Portugal 
proper but those of the Cape Verde and Azores Islands. In 1910 
there were enumerated as Portuguese 2,190 persons; five years later 
this number had increased to 3,737, an absolute increase of 1,547, or 
70 per cent. While the number itself seems insignificant when com- 
pared with that of the Italians, the percentage of increase is notable. 
The Portuguese in 1915 formed 1.6 per cent, of the foreign born, and 
2.4 per cent, of the foreign stock in Providence. The census of 1920 
will doubtless show a continuation of this increase at something 
like the same rate, for of the present immigration destined for Rhode 
Island a very large proportion continues to be Portuguese, while of 
those coming directly to the port of Providence practically all are 
Portuguese. 

Among the other groups which afford a considerable portion of the 
foreign stock of Providence must be noted the Jews. While the 
enumerators, in taking the census of 1915, did not classify according 
to race or mother-tongue, it is possible to arrive at an approximate 
estimate by other means. On the basis of the figures for foreign born 
white males, twenty years of age and over, where religious affiliation 
is noted, it is discovered that somewhat more than one-half (about 
54 per cent.) of those born in Russia were of the Jewish faith and the 



POPULATION OF PROVIDENCE. 11 

rest were nearly all Catholics. Applying the ratio to the total number 
of those enumerated as born in Russia, it is possible to obtain a 
sufficiently accurate notion of the racial situation. Furthermore, 
the general enumeration made a distinction between those bom in 
Poland and those born in Russia. Taking both these factors we may 
state that approximately all those noted as born in Russia (outside 
of Poland) were Jews, while those born in Poland were about half 
Poles and half Jews. Practically all those born in Roumania were 
Jews; about 40 per cent, of those born in Austria and a small portion 
of those born in Germany were likewise of Jewish blood. On the 
basis of this estimate the number of Hebrews in Providence was, at 
the time of the 1915 enumeration, about 8,250 (see Table X) or 
3.2 per cent, of the total population. Jewish stock would mean at 
least twice this number. However, it is to be remembered that 
there is no group of people which clings so tenaciously to its religious 
and social customs as does the Hebrew, hence it is not improper to 
class in this group at least a portion of the second generation born in 
the United States, thus swelling the numbers to some extent. 

The Scandinavian group in Providence is small; furthermore, this 
element increases very slowly. While the census in 1915 shows a 
total of 4,030 persons born in Scandinavian countries, and most of 
these in Sweden, it also shows that there were 3,060 persons bom in 
the United States who had fathers born in Scandinavian countries. 
The total Scandinavian stock amounts to 2.9 per cent, of the total 
population. 

The German element is smaller than the Scandinavian, and it is 
proportionately decreasing. In 1910 there was a sHghtly larger 
number of persons living in Providence who had been bom in Ger- 
many than was the case in 1915, while the native born of German 
bom fathers exceeded the number of German bom by about 50 per 
cent. Altogether the German stock forms but about 2 per cent, of 
the city's population. 

Turkey in Asia has during the past five years been contributing 
more hberally to our polyglot population than in former years. In 



12 COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. 

1910 there were enumerated 1,751 persons born in the Asiatic portion 
of the Porte's domains; in 1915 this number had increased to 2,123. 
Absolutely these figures are small, for the total foreign stock of this 
group makes but 1.1 per cent, of the whole population; the rate of 
increase is significant, however, of the changed immigration condi- 
tions which the United States as whole has been experiencing during 
the past generation. The Armenians and a few Syrians form the 
greater portion of this group, although there are scattering remnants 
of other ethnic groups, for instance, a few European Turks and some 
Kurds. 

Distribution of the Foreign Stocks. — A glance at Table IX shows 
that no portion of the city has a monopoly of foreign stock. Wards 
three and nine, however, have the largest proportion of foreign 
bom, and remembering that foreign stock in each case will represent 
approximately twice the number of foreign born, it is not hard to 
perceive that those two wards are predominantly foreign so far as 
racial antecedants are concerned. The other eight wards have about 
the same proportion of native and foreign stock as the average for 
the city as a whole. It is furthermore noticeable that, in all but 
wards one, two, and three, the relative number of foreign born has 
decreased between 1910 and 1915. The change is scarcely great 
enough to allow one to believe that the "immigration problem" is 
about to disappear of itself, for the decrease is slight at best, and 
is almost equalized by the increase in the wards where the trend is 
in the other direction. Nevertheless, in the light of the volume of 
immigration of the past years, this decrease is significant; just how 
significant camiot be deteimined until it can be seen whether it is 
a temporary phenomenon or whether it marks the crest of the wave 
in the movement of peoples. Where the members of a foreign born 
group mingle with the native population at large and do not cluster 
in restricted areas populated wholly or almost entirely by their own 
racial kind, there arises no particular problem of assimilation, pro- 
vided the incoming is not so large as to swamp the native group by 
very weight of numbers. Such a scattering will and has come when 



POPULATION OF PROVIDENCE. 13 

the foreign element represents a civilization similar to or at least not 
markedly dissimilar from that which is indigenous. Language is, 
perhaps, the greatest single cultural factor which unites or dissevers 
peoples. Identity of tongue is the first passport to sympathetic 
understanding, while there is no bar so potent, between individuals 
or between groups, as that of unlike speech. It is not surprising, 
then, that we find in Providence such nationalities as the English, 
Irish, and Scotch scattered about without any noticeable con- 
gregating in localized districts. So, too, the Germans and Scandi- 
navians, even though they speak a language unlike that of the 
native population, represent a culture essentially like that of other 
Northern European countries. There are, consequently, no Irish 
or Swedish aggregations of such extent or nature that they can in 
any wise be called "colonies." 

Such is not the case with the large groups from other portions of 
Europe and the comparatively small representation from Asia 
Minor. There are "colonies" of Italians, Poles, Portuguese, 
Armenians, Syrians, and Jews. Such colonizing is indicated some- 
what by the figures of Table XII, where the foreign born population 
is shown by wards; but ward lines are not respected by people when 
seeking a place to live, hence it is necessary to specify with more 
detail in what these colonies consist. 

Italians. — The Italians in Providence are to be found for the most 
part in four large colonies and one small colony; one might say that 
Providence has two Italian cities, a village, and a hamlet. The most 
extensive group is on Federal Hill; there, in a region bounded ap- 
proximately by Broadway, Tobey street, West Exchange street, and 
Aborn street, are over 10,000 foreign born Italians, who, with those 
of foreign parentage, total over 18,000, or about half the Italian 
stock in the city. In the North End are two colonies. One of these 
occupies the region between Silver Spring avenue and Smithfield 
avenue on one side, and the river on the other. The second group is 
found in an irregularly shaped area bounded by Douglas avenue, 
Hawkins street, Cornwallis street, Cheshire street, Sussex street to 



14 COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. 

Clym street, and down Douglas avenue to Eaton street; the line fol- 
lows the grounds of the city hospital back to Eaton street and then 
continues to the city line, leaving out a section bounded by Sharon, 
Walton and Meridan streets. Another group is in the Silver Lake 
district running over into the city of Cranston. The boundary of 
this colony follows approximately the line of Mercy, Harlam, and. 
Barrows streets, Pocasset avenue and Union avenue, to Laurel Hill 
avenue. In the fifth ward there is a little colony in the neighborhood 
of Globe and Borden streets, with scattering families in the vicinity 
of the Rhode Island Hospital and Eddy street. 

Jews. — While the Jews do not congregate in well defined districts to- 
any such extent as do the Italians, nevertheless there are three 
sections of the city which may be in some sense called Jewish colonies. 
Two of these lie close together; one is east and west of Benefit street 
from about Olney street to Bowen street; it extends to North Main 
street on one side and to Jenkes, Halsey and Prospect streets on the^ 
other. The second group occupies a rather compact area bounded 
by Candace, Orms and Black streets and Chalkstone avenue. The 
third group is in the fifth ward between Dudley, Plain and Public 
streets and Prairie avenue. On both sides of South Main street 
between College street and Power street the population is largely 
Jewish. 

Poles. — The largest Pohsh district is in Olneyville. While Poles 
are to be found scattered about the whole Olneyville region, the bulk 
of this group is in an area bounded by Magnolia, Whitehall, Sterling, 
Atwood and Plainfield streets. Small colonies are also found in the 
fifth ward in the vicinity of Blackstone and Robinson streets, where 
they intermingle with the Jews; along Randall street in the second 
ward; in Hedley, Walling and Palmer streets, and between Chalk- 
stone avenue and the railroad freight yard, in the third ward. 

Portuguese. — In considering the Portuguese, the well-defined 
division between white and colored Portuguese must be noted. 
These two groups not only differ in outward physical characteristics, 



POPULATION OF PROVIDENCE. 15 

'but they refuse to mingle in their colonies, although in Providence 
these colonies are adjoining. The mass of the Portuguese in Provi- 
dence is in the first ward, close to the waterfront and between the 
Providence and Seekonk rivers. The Bravas occupy practically all 
the immediate waterfront from Power street around to Washington 
bridge, the inland boundary of their section being South Main 
street, Wickenden, Benefit, Pike, Brook and India streets. The 
white Portuguese occupy the district immediately back of that in 
which the Bravas live; their boundary line follows the inland 
boundary of the Brava section and then follows approximately 
Benefit, Wickenden, Governor, Williams, Ives and Power streets. 
On the west side of the River there is a small colony of Bravas along 
Richmond and Eddy streets between Ship and South streets. 

Armenians. — Among the smaller groups which occupy well defined 
•districts are the Armenians who form the greater number of those 
enumerated in the tables under Turkey in Asia. There are two 
Armenian colonies; one is in the North End and is bounded by 
Douglas avenue and Whipple, Oregon, and Bush streets. The other 
is along Cranston street and three or four intersecting streets south 
of Hoyle square. 

Syrians. — The Syrians are almost all within the bounds of the 
Federal Hill Italian colony and are found along Cedar street for 
three or four blocks from Aborn street. A small colony of Turks 
live on North Main street between Smith and Church streets. 

Other Groups. — More than half the Greeks in the city are to be 
found in the vicinity of 100 Clifford street, while practically all the 
Chinese are at the corner of Summer street and Warner's lane, where 
the Celestial headquarters have been since the break up of the 
Empire street colony. 

DISTRIBUTION OF THE SEXES AMONG FOREIGN STOCK. 

The extent to which a group of foreign born individuals will be 
brought into harmony with the institution of the people among 



16 COMMISSIONER OF LABOE. 

which it settles depends in part upon the extent to which normal 
relations are maintained. An excess in the nmnbers of one sex over 
the other in any community for a considerable period indicates a 
social maladjustment, potential if not actual. For the whole of 
Providence the number of males of foreign stock is about the same 
as the number of females; out of a total of 80,263 persons born abroad 
there is an excess of only some 1,200 males. This balance, however, 
does not appear in all cases when the different nationalities are taken 
separately. 

Among the groups from Northern Europe there is but one where 
any very important disparity of the sexes, occurs; the foreign born 
Irish females outnumber the males by 3,154 in a total of 14,286; in 
other words there are 55 per cent, more females than males. The 
explanation of this great discrepancy lies in the fact that such a large 
number of unmarried Irish females finds employment in domestic 
service; the figures for wards one and two bear witness to this fact. 
In these two wards, forming as they do in large part a residential 
district, the number of Irish females is more than twice that of the 
males. In somewhat less degree the same disparity appears in the 
other wards. Such social maladjustment as might be expected from 
this situation is counteracted by other factors; in the first place 
there is frequent amalgamation between the different stocks of the 
British Isles and non-French Canada; furthermore the disparity 
produced by the more recent immigration is partially rectified by 
earlier immigration. The consequence of it all is that little appre- 
hension need be felt over the possibility of any resulting evil. 

The situation is different, however, when the migrants of Southern 
Europe are considered. In the case of the Italians the number of 
males who come to America exceeds the number of females by a con- 
siderable figure, for there is about one-third more males than females. 
Not only is this the case with the recent immigration, but in that of 
previous years the disparity was even greater. Such a situation 
either means that many Italian men must marry out of their own 
nationality, send abroad for wives, or not marry at all. Inter- 



POPULATION OF PROVIDENCE. 17 

marriage between Italians and Northern Europeans, however, occurs 
infrequently; but it is often found that Italians come to America 
and, after getting on their feet, send back to Italy for an actual or 
prospective wife. After all, the bulk of this excess of males is forced 
to a celibate life to the moral deterioration of many of them. In 
spite of the disparity of the sexes the tables reveal the fact that the 
ratio of married to unmarried men among the Italians is higher 
than that of almost any other foreign born group; the apparent 
discrepancy is explained when it is realized that many of these married 
men have their wives in Italy. 

What is true of the Italians is even more true of the Portuguese, 
although the recent immigration has been tending to increase the 
relative number of females. The disparity in the sexes in the case of 
the Armenians, Syrians, and Turks is greater than with either the 
Italians or the Portuguese, since there are about three times as many 
foreign born males as females. The figures (in Table XIII) for the 
third ward present the case even more strikingly, for it may be seen 
that of the total foreign born the Turkish Empire (from Armenia for 
the most part) there are but 92 females to 592 males. 

FOREIGN BORN MALES AND PROVIDENCE INDUSTRIES. 

When the State census was taken in 1915 there was made an 
attempt to secure statistics bearing directly upon the foreign born 
white males over the age of twenty years with especial reference to 
their relations to the industrial life of the State. The special blanks 
used for this purpose were returned for nearly 24,000 persons resident 
in Providence. While it is not probable that all persons of , this class 
in the city were reached it is safe to assume that not more than five 
per cent, were omitted from the enumeration. Allowing for errors 
which necessarily arose in securing the information, the results give a 
fairly accurate picture of the industrial status of foreign born persons 
of wage earning age; rates of wages, family income, general nature of 
the occupation, etc., appear. 



18 COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. 

Wages, — Table XIV shows the distribution of foreign born white 
males by country of birth and by average weekly wage. Taking the 
twelve groups (those born in Austria, Canada — both French and non- 
French — England, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Portugal, Russia, Scot- 
land, the Scandinavian countries, and the Turkish Empire), which 
comprises all but about two and one-half per cent, of the persons 
enumerated, it is found that the Italians stand at the bottom of the 
basis of wage scale when the comparative size of the different groups 
IS taken into consideration. (See Plate XIV). Over one-half were 
reported as having a weekly wage which averaged ten dollars or less; 
seventy-five per cent, did not have a wage exceeding $12.00 per week. 
Fewer than thirteen per cent, earned over $14.00 per week. When 
the large number of Italians enumerated in this tabulation (7,178), 
about equalling the next two largest groups combined is taken into 
consideration, the significance of the figures is enhanced. 

The thousand bom in the Turkish Empire (See Plate XIX) repre- 
sent absolutely a lower standard than the Italians, for about 30 per 
cent, had a weekly wage under $8.00, and over 35 per cent, earned no 
more than $10.00. Fewer than 10 per cent, of the total had a wage 
averaging more than $14.00 per week. 

The white Portuguese stand third in the scale. (See Plate XV) . 
In the case of this group the regularity of the curve from the 21.3 
per cent, with the minimum wage to the 1.8 per cent, earning more 
than $25.00 per week is particularly noticeable. 

Those born in the Russian Empire (Jews and Poles almost exclu- 
sively) stand fourth from the bottom of the list. Of these about 
one-third are in the upper half of the wage scale; that is, they have 
over $14.00 per week as the average wage when working. Although 
from the tabulations it is impossible to perceive it, the fact is the 
bulk of those on the lower end of the wage scale are Poles, while the 
Jews form the larger percentage of the more highly paid workers. 
The alignment of those born in Austria (Plate VIII) is also partly 
■explained by the relatively heavy proportion of Poles. (See Table 
XVIII, where the religious affiliation is indicated). 



POPULATION OF PROVIDENCE. 19 

The Irish (Plate XIII) stand at about the mid point, for not quite 
half the number fall into the group where more than $14.00 is the 
aiverage wage, although only about one-fourth have less than $12.00 
weekly. 

The upper half of the wage group is composed of the non-French 
Canadians, English, Scandinavians, Germans, Scotch, and French 
Canadians, ranked in the order given according to the number 
earning over $14.00 per week. If, however, the basis of classification 
is made according to the number of those receiving the highest wages, 
say $20.00 per week or over, then the order would be as follows: 
non-French Canadians, Germans, Scandinavians, Scotch, English, 
and French Canadians. The Germans lead all the others in the 
number receiving over $25.00 per week, although the non-French 
Canadians are not far behind. 

In all the groups of the upper half, excepting only the Scandinavian, 
the similarity of the wage curve is remarkable; in each case the top 
of the curve is for the wage point of $14.00 to $16.00 per week. The 
Scandinavian group presents a peculiarity in that there is such a large 
proportion (20.5 per cent.) receiving from $20.00 to $25.00 per week 
while but 6.6 per cent, of the total have a wage averaging over $25.00 
per week. A partial explanation of this condition is afforded by the 
figures of Table XVI, where a classification according to the nature of 
employment is given. From this it is seen that some three-fourths of 
total number of Swedes enumerated were engaged in the building 
trades, in the manufacture of gold, silver, and jewelry, and in the 
manufacture of the baser metals. An almost negligible number, for 
instance, is to be found in the textile manufactures where the wage 
scale is lower. 

Family Income. — For those persons (foreign bom white males 
twenty years of age and over) who were heads of families a further 
tabulation of the average weekly family income was obtained. As 
might be expected the curve of average weekly wage and that of the 
average family income tend to follow much the same line; neverthe- 
less in every case, except that of the Portuguese, a sharp upward 



20 COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. 

turn at the higher wage end is observable. This is not only so with 
the non-French Canadians, who lead in average weekly wage, but 
with those from the Turkish Empire who are at the other end of the 
scale. In the case of the Turks, Armenians, Syrians and others who 
represent the dominion of the Sultan, the great discrepancy between 
the number of wage earners and that of heads of family must be 
taken into consideration. Of the twelve groups depicted the aver- 
age family income is over $14.00 per week except in the case of the 
Italians, the Portuguese and those from the Turkish Empire. The 
Italians stand at the bottom of the list in this tabulation. 

The position of the Italians is not due to smaller families than are 
found in other national groups, for the Italians lead all others in this 
respect. (See Table XIX and Plate XXIII). Nearly two-thirds of 
the families contain five or more persons. A similar situation exists 
in the case of the Portuguese, who not only stand next to the bottom 
of the scale in weekly income, but stand second from the top in respect 
to size of family. In the case of these groups, then, there is not only 
a low wage earning capacity on the part of the man of the house, but 
the other working members of the family are not in the more highly 
paid classes. 

On the other hand, in those groups where the general average of 
weekly wage is fairly high there is a corresponding increase in the 
earning capacity of the family. Of these the most conspicuous is 
the Irish group, which stands about midway between the top and 
bottom in wage scale for the men. While only about 14 per cent, of 
the 3,821 male wage earners averaged over $20.00 per week, 41 per 
cent, of the 2,745 families had a weekly income averaging over that 
amount; still more noticeable is the fact that, while fewer than 5 
per cent, of the wage earners obtained more than $25.00 per week, 
almost one-fourth of the total number of families averaged more than 
$25.00. With the other groups the large number of family incomes 
over $25.00 per week is worthy of note. 

Occupations. — In using the table (XVI) giving the distribution 
according to classified occupations, certain precautions must be 



POPULATION OF PROVIDENCE. 21 

borne in mind. This tabulation is according to that used by the 
United States Census Bureau and is lacking in certain features which 
the student of social statistics desire. For example, under the head- 
ing "Transportation" there are to be found not only motormen, 
teamsters and chauffeurs, but all those engaged in any way in the 
transportation of persons or commodities. Over 20 per cent, of the 
Portuguese, for instance, are enumerated under this heading, a fact 
to be accounted for by the large number of this nationality 
engaged in the collection of garbage for the city health department. 
Again, as might be expected in a city of the nature of Providence, a 
very considerable proportion of wage earners, native bom as well as 
foreign born, is engaged in some kind of work connected with manu- 
facturing. Nevertheless a large number of those who work for 
manufacturing concerns are laborers, pure and simple, and cannot be 
considered skilled workers in any sense of the word. They are, 
however, all enumerated as employed in manufactures of baser 
metals, textiles, or what not. 

In the metal trades, particularly, this method of tabulation is 
misleading, for, unlike many of the operations in the manufacture of 
textiles, a great variety of skill is demanded. A check upon the 
figures is obtained by comparing the number under any particular 
national group with the average weekly wage of the same group. 
For instance, nearly 900 Italians are classed in this industry, yet the 
number of ItaKans earning the wage of a skilled metal worker is very 
small. Furthermore, when the payroll of a metal manufacturing 
concern is consulted it is found that very few Italians are classed 
among the skilled workers. On the other hand practically all the 
Swedes and Germans, most of the Canadians and Enghsh, and a 
large proportion of the Irish are skilled mechanics and hold the more 
highly paid positions in the metal trades. 

In the building trades similarly, no distinction is made in the 
tabulation between the hod carrier or other laborer and the master 
mason, carpenter or painter. Nevertheless, the 568 Italians, judg- 
ing from the wage scale, for the most part fall into the first category. 



22 COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. 

while the non-French Canadians, Swedes, Germans, and English 
make up the bulk of the second group. The French Canadians and 
the Irish fall into both classes, although, on the basis of the average 
wage, a larger proportion of French Canadians is of the skilled type 
than is the case with the Irish. 

The general low average of the Italian wage is further explained 
when it is noted that this nationahty affords 1,641 laborers and 1,435 
textile workers. The Italians and the Irish account for more than 
80 per cent, of those who class themselves as laborers. With the 
textile industry, again using the wage scale as a check, the more 
skilled workers are English, French-Canadians, Scotch, German , 
and Irish, while the Poles (from Austria and Russia), Italians and 
Syrians and Armenians perform the less exacting tasks. 

The total number of workers on jewelry, gold and silver in Provi- 
dence is naturally very large. An enumeration of the males, whether 
native or foreign born, however, does not give an adquate idea of the 
total number of workers in this industry any more than it does in the 
textile industry; in both these classifications the number of females 
tends to equal or exceed the number of males. Of the foreign born 
males in the jewelry trades the largest single group is again the 
Italian, roughly, one-half of these may be classes as skilled and one- 
half as unskilled. The English, Germans and Swedes are practically 
all skilled workers; the Irish and Canadians are predominantly so; 
while the other groups, where any considerable number is found in 
the industry, are composed of unskilled workers to a large degree. 
An interesting fact in cormection with the Italians and jewelry . 
trades is that Providence is the home of a small, but apparently- 
growing, domestic industry; skilled Italians are making workshops in 
their own homes and there they fabricate the metals on a small scale. 
Sometimes a single individual works by himself, but occasionally he 
employes one or two assistants outside the members of his own 
family. 



POPULATION OF PROVIDENCE. 23 

CIVIL STATUS. 

From the point of view of real assimilation one of the most im- 
portant facts to be learned about an alien who comes to this country- 
is whether he intends to remain permanently and identify himself 
with his new home conditions. If he does so intend and if this 
identification is to be one whereby he enters into the spirit of the 
land, then he will seek to make himself a part of the body politic 
whenever this may be possible. A study of the civil status of foreign 
born males who are eligible to naturalization throws some light upOn 
the proclivities of the different groups in this regard. Five years 
is the shortest time in which the process of naturalization may be 
completed, hence, potentially, all foreign born males who are con- 
sidered in this tabulation and who have been five or more years in 
the United States may be looked upon as capable of being 
naturalized. 

It is evident, however, that all aliens do not rush to become 
citizens of their adopted dwelling place. (See Plates XX and XXI). 
The Germans lead all other groups in the proportionate number who 
have become United States citizens; 78 per cent, of those who have 
been in the United States five years or more have been naturalized. 
The Irish and the English, whose identity of language and similarity 
of political thinking make the process natural, follow, and the Scandi- 
navians stand fourth on the list. That only 55 per cent, of eligible 
males born in Scotland have been naturalized is worthy of comment; 
and that but 55 per cent, of the non-French Canadians are United 
States citizens is still more remarkable. It appears at first that 
these Canadians, coming from a land where English is spoken and 
where a common inheritance of political and social customs forms a 
bond with life in the United States, would be prone to identify them- 
selves with the political, as well as with the economic and social life 
of the land. Nevertheless, with only a land frontier to cross and with 
the possibility of repatriation at any time, there seems to be less 
desire to cut all ties with their native soil. 



24 COMMISSIONER OP LABOR. 

Taking Plate XX by itself as a basis of consideration, it appears 
that a goodly number of the foreign born males of Rhode Island have 
become citizens, but when this plate is compared with the next (XXI) 
a different aspect is placed on the situation. The Italians, who equal 
the next two largest national groups in number, stand next to the 
bottom in order of naturaUzation; the 20 per cent, of the 7,178 
individuals who have been admitted to citizenship does not accord 
with the weight in relative numbers. The Irish, however, not only 
form the next to the largest group of foreign born but have become 
naturalized with more frequency than members of any nationality 
except the German. The English stand third in both lists. 

Table XVII reveals the fact that by far the greater number of 
foreign bom are naturalized after a residence of ten years than after 
one of five. A comparison of the total number of naturalized in any 
one group with the number naturalized after a residence in the 
United States of ten years or more (See column six of Table XVII) 
brings out this fact. 

Literacy. — In the case of the groups where the namber of natural- 
ized is small in comparison with the size of the group, there is some 
explanation to be found in the literacy figures. For instance, the 
Italians and the Portuguese nOt only afford the smallest number of 
citizens of the United States, in proportion to the size of their re- 
spective groups, but they are the most illiterate of the foreign born 
residents of Providence. Only 45 per cent, of the Portuguese* can 
read in any language, and 30 per cent, of the Italians are illiterate. 
Turkish and Russian subjects likewise occupy similar positions in the 
rating for naturalization and for literacy. Illiteracy, however, does 
not explain the lack of naturalization except in part, and only for the 
groups with a non-English mother tongue. 

With the Scotch, English, Canadians, Germans and Scandinavians 
the illiteracy is so slight as to be practically negligible. Five per 
cent, of the Irish enumerated could not read. The other groups 

*It is to be recalled that the figures in these tables under consideration do not embrace the 
colored Portuguese; with this group illiteracy would be found greater than with the white Portu- 
guese. 



POPULATION OF PROVIDENCE. 25 

range down from the Austrian (where the illiteracy is mostly with 
the Poles) of whom 89 per cent, could read, to the Portuguese. 

Domestic Relations. — In Table XIX are to be found various statis- 
tics relating to the domestic relations of the foreign born white males 
under consideration. When it is recalled that the figures relate to 
adult males it is to be expected that the total number and the number 
married will diverge no more than the difference between the total 
number and the number between the ages of twenty and twenty- 
three or twenty-four. On this basis it is to be presumed that approxi- 
mately three-fourths of the total number and of the number in any 
one group will be married if conditions are essentially normal. 
Taking this ratio one is perhaps surprised to perceive how nearly the 
twelve groups which make up the foreign born population of Provi- 
dence coincide with it. Seven of the nationalities, Canadian — both 
French and other — German, Italian, Portuguese, and Russian show 
this ratio. In the case of the Italians, where there is greater dis- 
parity of the sexes than with several of the other groups, 77 per cent, 
of the males over twenty years of age are married, and an additional 
number are widowed. Nevertheless, it must be remembered that 
many of the wives of those reporting themselves married are in Italy. 
The group from Russia leads with the number of married men, a fact 
probably due to the large proportion of Jews. The smallest ratio of 
married is found with the Syrians and Armenians (those born in the 
Turkish Empire) ; here the explanation lies in the great disparity of 
sexes resident in Providence. No such disparity, however, explains 
the bachelorhood of 36 per cent, of the Swedes. In their case, and 
in that of the Irish of whom 69 per cent, are married, prudential 
motives resulting in later marriages afford the explanation, for not 
only is there no bar to marriage outside a small group (such a bar, for 
instance, as difference in language, customs, etc.) but with the Irish 
the number of females greatly exceeds that of the males. 

The size of the families (see Plate XXIII) also reveals evidence of 
the general standard of living in the various national groups. Taking 
as a basis of computation (see Table XIX) a division into families of 



26 COMMISSIONER OF L4B0R. 

five or more members, which m most cases means three or four more 
children, and those of four or fewer, the Itahans lead all groups in 
size of family. At the other end of the list comes the German 
group, where onty a little over one-fourth of the families have more 
than four members. Not only is our population in Providence in- 
creasing by the addition of newcomers from the Mediterranean 
countries (Italy and Portugal) but those of the group who are already 
here are the most prolific and tend to multiply their kind more 
rapidly than do the people from the British Isles and from other 
countries of Northern Europe. 

Permanency of Residence. — Something of the tendency of foreign 
born groups to locate permanently is indicated by a comparison of 
the length of resident in Rhode Island with the length of residence in 
the United States. The Italians, for example, appear to move about 
but little; the figures of Table XX show that practically all of them 
come directly to Rhode Island upon their arrival in the United 
States and they remain in the State. Some of the other groups 
present the appearance of greater migratory propensities, yet in all 
cases there is a surprising permanency of location. In some degree 
the similarity of figures is misleading since there are individual 
instances where shifting in and out of the State would make the 
totals appear similar; nevertheless, taking this fact into considera- 
tion, it still seems that the great bulk of foreign born males, and this 
will mean their families too, tend to remain in the general locality 
where they first take up their abode on coming to America. 

THE PORT OF PROVIDENCE AND THE IMMIGRANT. 

With the establishment of a line of passenger steamers from 
European ports direct to Providence there has been an opportunity 
for immigrants to book for this port. Table XXII shows the nature 
of the influx for the year 1914, the first half of which was under normal 
conditions although the latter half was in a time when the effects 
of the European war were beginning to be felt. While in all over 



POPULATION OF PROVIDENCE. 27 

7,000 immigrant aliens entered this port,* only one-fifth of them had 
Providence as their stated destination, for, by the laws of the United 
States, it is necessary for the manifest to show the point intended to 
be reached. To New England, outside of Rhode Island, and this 
practically means Massachusetts and southern New Hampshire, go 
nearly half the entrants of this port. 

In the more numerous groups separately, it is seen that in only 
two cases does the average ratio, as affecting Rhode Island, bear close 
relation to the ratio for single nationalities; almost exactly one-fifth 
of the Armenians and Turks entering the port of Providence had 
Rhode Island as a destination. In the case of the Italians the rela- 
tion between the Italians already in Providence and the direct line of 
steamers is easily seen. Over sixty per cent, of all Italians entering 
the port gave Rhode Island as their destination. Of the Portuguese 
a comparatively small number intend to settle in Rhode Island and 
the heavy proportion for New England outside of Rhode Island is 
noticeable. A great number probably more than half, of the Portu- 
guese entering this port are on their way to the textile factories of 
Massachusetts, especially those of Fall River, Lowell, and other 
large manufacturing towns. 

A caution must be made for the interpretation of the figures of 
Table XXII ; probably not less than ten per cent, of those who give 
their destination as Rhode Island, usually Providence or some nearby 
town, make this place but a tarrying point while money may be 
earned to carry them farther toward their real destination.! Fur- 
thermore it must not be imagined that the immigrants who enter 
the port of Providence are the only ones on their way to Rhode Island. 
For the fiscal year ending June 30, 1914, of which the last half corre- 
sponds with first half of the year for which the figures in Table XXII 
are given, 12,569 immigrant aliens entered the United States with 
Rhode Island for their destination. In this total there were 4,108 

*The numbers are given in the table approximately correct; owing to a revision of the method 
of keeping the figvires, by which some of the manifests were not available, it was impossible to- 
verify the figures absolutely. 

fThis is the opinion of the Immigration officials here. 



28 COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. 

Italians, of whom all but 209 were South Italians, so that the 639 
Italians who came directly to the port of Providence form a rather 
small portion of the total who came through the various ports on 
their way to points in Rhode Island. Immigrants from Northern 
Europe do not figure at all in the manifests for the ships putting in 
at Providence, for the very obvious reason that these vessels sail 
from Southern European ports. Hence, for the fiscal year 1913- 
1914, although 1,232 Enghsh reported Rhode Island to be their 
destination, none of these appear in the table for landings at Provi- 
dence.* 

The large number of Portuguese giving some destination other 
than New England or New York are bound for the western portion 
of the United States, usually California or a Rocky Mountain State. 

AGENCIES DEALING PRIMARILY WITH IMMIGRANTS IN 
PROVIDENCE. 

Providence has in past years found itself in the same situation as 
all cities along the northern Atlantic seaboard so far as immigrant 
conditions are involved. Like most other social problems, that of 
the immigrant has been met, if at all, by the efforts of privately 
organized bodies, while public attempts to deal with most of the 
varying phases have not yet been undertaken. It is not the purpose 
of this report to go exhaustively into the work of all organizations 
which in one way and another deal with the immigrant, either when 
he arrives or after he has taken up his abode in this city. A brief 
notice, however, will be given to those which do any notable work 
directly, and not incidentally, with the immigrant. 

Immigrant Educational Bureau.— The Union for Christian Work, 
an organization active in Providence for many years, in 1911 decided 
to take up immigrant work and has since that time devoted its 
energies largely to the various phases of this kind of activity. The 
Bureau's work falls into the following divisions; wharf work, exten- 

*See Annual Report of the, Commissioner-General of Immigration for fiscal year ending June 30, 
1914. 



POPULATION OF PROVIDENCE. 29 

sion classes for immigrants, social center work, lectures for various 
immigrant groups, library work (now taken over by the Providence 
Public Library), and conferences to discuss different immigrant 
problems. In the earlier part of its career the Bureau also under- 
took to trace children who come to the State as immigrants and who 
should, under the law, be in school. This work, however, has been 
abandoned since the Federal Immigration authorities supply the 
school authorities in each locality with the names of children destined 
■ for their community. 

The wharf work consists in having at the dock when a steamer 
arrives a worker to assist the newcomers. Since the bulk of the 
immigrants since the outbreak of the war, and a large portion even 
before that time, have been Portuguese, the worker's familiarity with 
the Portuguese language makes it possible for her to aid individuals 
in the manner in which assistance is needed on coming to a new and 
strange place. Connections with people in this country, general 
information and direction are afforded. Such work is very greatly 
needed since not only at Providence but wherever a port of entry for 
immigrants exists it is notorious that newcomers are in danger of 
being exploited and of losing whatever they possess ; not least active 
in such exploitation are their own compatriots who have been in 
America for some time. 

The Bureau maintains a lunch counter at the wharf so that immi- 
grants are supplied with a lunch at low cost. Cooperation between 
the workers and the immigration officials result in easing the situation 
for many a stranger. 

The Extension Classes supplement the work of the evening schools 
by teaching foreign bom persons English, Civics, and History, es- 
pecially with a view of aiding the alien to become naturalized. In 
the summer the Bureau has conducted classes to aid retarded pupils 
to regain their proper grade in the public schools. At the old Branch 
Avenue school, the Bureau has carried on evening classes in English, 
athletics, cooking, sewing, and embroidering for the young people of 
the neighborhood. The Bureau has also conducted recreational 



30 COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. » 

meetings through clubs, and by its Sunday lectures at the Public 
Library has attempted to interest various foreign speaking groups. 

Young Men's Christian Association. — The work of the Young 
Men's Christian Association which bears directly upon the immi- 
gration situation is conducted through the Industrial Department. 
The primary object of this work is educational, specifically along two 
lines to improve literacy conditions and to assist aliens to become 
United States citizens The work is done under the supervision of 
committees, part of which are composed of representative citizens 
and part made up of members of the different nationalties which the 
Department attempts to reach. By these committees contact can 
be made with organizations formed among foreign born groups, such 
as the Cape Verde Brotherhood. 

The classes in industrial English are planned differently from those 
conducted by the immigrant Educational Bureau in that they reach 
adult workers only and do this at the place of customary occupation. 
So far classes have been organized at the plants of the Ward Baking 
Company and of the Brown & Sharpe Manufacturing Company. 

The citizenship classes are for the benefit of men who purpose 
taking out naturahzation papers. City, State, and National Gov- 
ernment is explained and discussed, and visits are made to the State 
House, Federal Building, City Hall, and other places of especial 
interest.* ' 

More general in their educational aims have been the outdoor 
meetings conducted by the Industrial Department in various foreign 
centers. In the suimner of 1915 fiv^ series of five lectures each were 
given, four in Italian centers and one at Tockwotton Park for the 
Portuguese. The lectures, which were illustrated with slides and 
moving pictures, were largely attended. 

In addition to the work for the immigrant groups directly, the 
Department attempts to arouse intelligent interest in immigration 

*Aids in this citizenship work are found in various pamphlets published by the National Society 
of the Sons of the American Revolution, such as " Naturalization of Aliens in the United States," 
"The Constitution of the United States of America," etc. Similar publications are issued by other 
organizations and by some commercial publishing houses. 



POPULATION OF PROVIDENCE. 31 

problems by conducting meeting for native born Americans in which 
are discussed the racial backgrounds of peoples most numerously 
represented in Providence. 

Federal Hill House Association. — The most extensive, and in fact, 
the only non-sectarian organization dealing with a particular non- 
English speaking group of foreign born is the Federal Hill House 
Association. An outgrowth of the movement which established 
Sprague House on Armington avenue, this association was incor- 
porated in 1914 ''for the purpose of establishing and maintaining in 
the Federal Hill District, so-called, of the city of Providence, a social 
<3enter to promote the physical, social, and educational welfare of the 
residents of that vicinity." As headquarters a small tenement on 
Atwell's avenue had earlier been fitted up as a model tenement by 
the Sprague House Association and at this place a neighborhood 
house has been maintained. 

The work of the Association, in addition to maintaining a neighbor- 
hood center, has included the running of a Baby's Clinic, a Milk 
Station in cooperation with the Housewives' League, Boys' and 
Girls' Clubs, classes in basketry and sewing, and music classes. The 
Clinic is held there twice a week and enlists the volunteer services of 
some of the leading physicians of the city and cooperates with the 
District Nursing Association. The work shows that a need existed, 
in that the old quarters on Atwells avenue have long been inadequate, 
and that a new building has been erected where more extensive 
facilities are offered. 

When one considers that the Federal Hill colony is one of the most 
extensive Italian settlements in the United States; that it contains 
all the economic elements ordinarily found in present-day society, 
from the well-to-do ''aristrocrats" in the vicinity of Broadway to 
the ''slums" below Atwells avenue and down toward West Exchange 
street; when these facts are taken into consideration one is not 
surprised that anything in the way of sympathetic advice is met 
with a welcoming response. It is hard for the persons not acquainted 
with the foreign speaking groups of Providence to realize how narrow 



32 COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. 

is the horizon of the inhabitants of each. Although there are several 
large Italian colonies, three of which are very distinct in location, 
there is very little intercourse between them. For the women 
especially it is a real undertaking, to be entered upon rarely, to make 
a call or pay a visit outside the immediate vicinity of the home. It 
is found, for instance, that those living in the east Atwells avenue 
district will not make use of the Garibaldi playground a half mile 
or less away; it is too far off. 

Some beginning of industrial work has been made for Italian 
women who have the time and strength and who need added money 
for family expenses. Some of the women, especially those from the 
Tuscan districts of Italy, are expert lace-makers and embroiders. 
Lack of knowledge of specific demand for their products in this 
country has prevented the exercise of these crafts for the most part, 
and it is the purpose, already being worked out, to bring the talent 
and the market together. In like manner rug-making, which may 
be done at home, is being taken up under the guidance of an ex- 
perienced organizer.* • 

Sectarian Work Among Foreign Groups. — In addition to the work 
which each religious organization does within its own sphere of 
activity there are some special sectarian organizations which deserve 
mention. In the Italian district at the North End a Day Nursery 
and a school for nurses is conducted by the Saint Ann Day Nursery 
Association, an organization directly under the control of the officials 
of the Saint Ann Parish of the Roman Catholic Church. This 
organization also maintains afternoon classes in embroidery, sewing, 
and cooking for girls and evening classes in domestic science and other 
industrial branches for adults. In both afternoon and evening classes 
instruction is given in morals and etiquette, and instruction in 
Itahan and in Enghsh is offered in the evening. The Association is 
non-sectarian in its official organization and offers its services to all 
irrespective of religious connections. 

*Aii account of the work of the Federal Hill House Association may be found in the Annual 
Report of the Sprague House Association and Federal Hill House Association for 1914, and in that 
of the Federal Hill House Association for 1915. 



POPULATION OF PROVIDENCE. 33 

On Sheldon street a church is maintained by the Central Con- 
gregational Society; while this mission is open to all, it serves es- 
pecially the colored Portuguese of the section in which it is located. 
It is essentially a church and the social work done is incidental to its 
main purpose; girls' and boys' clubs and a sewing circle for women, 
however, tend in some degree to broaden the scope of the enterprise. 

Missions are conducted under the auspices of various denomina- 
tions in different parts of the city, but in each case the work appears 
to be primarily religious and not directed toward the broader social 
aspects of the problem presented by the presence of a large non- 
English speaking population. 

During the period when transatlantic steamers were arriving 
regularly from European ports the Saint Vincent de Paul Society 
maintained an interpreter at the dock to assist newcomers in getting 
to, or starting toward, their final destination. 

Associations of Non-English Speaking Peoples. — Each nationality 
tend to organize into various groups for social, benevolent, or religious 
purposes, but perhaps there is no group so prone to this tendency as 
the Italian. In the Federal Hill District there are over fifty different 
organizations, ranging from the Dante Alighieri Society of the 
litteratti to the local benefit organizations. Among these organiza- 
tions are some twenty-five local benefit associations in each of which 
are enrolled men coming from a particular town or district in Italy, 
such for instance, as the Teano Society. There are fourteen recrea- 
tional and religious societies, several political clubs, and one organiza- 
tion, the Italian Benevolent Society, the purpose of which is to assist 
any needy Italian. 

While neither of the other Italian sections presents so great a 
diversity of organization as does the Federal Hill district, there are 
similar societies to be found in each. 

Public Agencies. — There is no agency supported at public expense 
which exists primarily for dealing with the foreign elements in Provi- 
dence. Two agencies, however, the Public School and the Public 
Library, have devoted especial attention to such groups. 



34 COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. 

The Public Library maintains a Foreign Department under the 
direction of a special librarian.* An attempt is made to provide 
standard books by recognized authors in each of the nationalities 
numerously represented in Providence, as well as to keep a file of 
the more important periodicals. Through little folders printed in 
different languages, Italian, Armenian, Russian, etc., parents of 
children coming to the library are told something of the method of 
obtaining the use of books. The circulation of books in foreign 
languages has been considerable and is growing rapidly. Such 
Branch Libraries and Deposit Stations as have been established in 
foreign centers cooperate in this work of the central library. 

Of all the agencies working to assimilate with the older portions 
of our population the newcomers, there is none which has a wider 
opportunity than the public school.f Insofar as children of school 
age are concerned the schools have long been the greatest factor in 
aiding the process of assimilation; it needs only the strict enforcement 
of adequate law to produce the necessary contact. The day school, 
however, does not touch the case of the adult foreign born person, 
or of the boy or girl over school age whose training, such as it was, 
was received in a foreign land. It is at this point that the evening 
school becomes highly important. 

Since the reorganization of the evening school system in 1912-13 
recognition of the immigrant factor has had a place. Special classes 
for non-English groups have been formed and have been largely 
attended. In the season of 1914-15, when work was slack, the 
classes were larger than during the past season (1915-16) when jobs 
were much more plentiful. A study of the portion of the report of 
the Superintendent of Schools, found in the Annual Report of the 
School Committee for 1914-15, which deals with this topic, is fully 
worth the while of every citizen of Providence. The diagrams are 
especially valuable for showing the situation in a graphic manner. 

*See Annual Reports of the Providence Public Library. 

tSee especially the Annual Report of the School Committee for 1914-15, where particular atten- 
tion is paid to the foreign element in schools, both day and evening; see pp. 46-64. 



POPULATION OF PROVIDENCE. 35 

No attempt has been made to appraise the value of the work now 
being done in Providence in connection with the national groups of 
an alien tongue. In general, however, it may be said that all agencies 
together seem woefully inadequate to the task which exists. With a 
third of its population born abroad and with two-thirds of its nearly 
250,000 people of foreign stock, the task of making a homogeneous 
whole in which the best elements from all the parts are conserved is a 
formidable one. It is one, however, the significance of which has not 
been grasped by the people of Providence. No better laboratory 
exists for the compounding of that civilization which has as its 
foundation the ideals on which Providence was founded. No better 
time during the past generation can be found than the present 
moment for laying intelligently the basis of an indispensable work; 
probably there will be no better time in the future, for just now, with 
a lull in immigration, there is a breathing space which should not be 
neglected. Overlapping efforts should be eliminated through wise 
cooperation of public and private agencies; unfilled places should' 
receive attention; and above all some definite notion should be 
formed as to what the work is and just what is desired to be accom- 
plished. 



36 



COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. 



Foreign "born 
foreign stock 

Foreign 'born 
Porei^n stock 

Foreign "born 
Foreign stock 

Foreign born 
Foreign stock 

Foreign born 
Forsi-gn stock 

Foreign born 
Foreign stock 



PLATE I. 

Native and Foreign Born and Stock by Counties. 

Foreign Native 

■■HHB I 1 

31-2^ THE STATE 68.8 % 



Kative born 



63-3 % 



36.7 % 



3 Native stock 



35.1^ BRISTOL COUNTY 53 . 9 .-j 



31-^ ,^ 



Native born 
Native stock 



KENT COUNTY 
28.4 % 71-6 % 



J Native born 



59.2 % 
HBBB 



40.8 % 



3 Native stock 



IJEWPORT 
22.5 % 


COUNTY 

77. b % 




imiiimiiiniiii 


49.4 % 


50.6 ^ 

■ — 


=r 



PROVIDENCE COTBTTY 
32.3% 67.2% 




65.3 fc 34.2 %. 


WASHINGTON COUNTY 
28.4 % 71-^ % 


.^ 


36.4^ 65.6',^ 



Native born 
Native stock 



Native born 



Native stock 



Native born 



Native stock 



POPULATION. 



37 



BRISTOL 



WARWICK 



PLATE II. 

Population Elements in Towns and Cities of More than 10,000. 

■■H 

38.3 
Birth 



Birth 
WEST 'WAROTCK 

Stock 



NEWPORT 



Birth 

CENTRAL FALLS 
Stock 



CRANSTON 



Birth 
E. PROVIDENCE 
Stock 



LINC0L1>I 



PAWTUCKET 



PROVIDENCE 



WOONSOCKET 

Stock 



WESTERLY 




Birth 
Stock 



Total 
Population 

10,302 



13.302 
15,782 
30.472 

23.700 
26,940 

18,584 
10.149 

55.335 

247,660 

40.075 

10,175 



38 



COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. 



PLATE III. 

Distribution of Foreign Born Population. 

All Foreign Born: 3l'2 % of total population 



Great Britain & ITon- 
F ranch Canada 



1-1% 



Italy 


5-8 % 


French (Canada, France, 
Belgium) 


5-3 % 


Ireland 


4.6 % 


Portugal 


2.0 % 


Poland 


1.6 % 


Scandinavian countries 


l-A % 


Germany 


0.7 % 


Turkey in Asia 


0.6 % 


All others 


1-9 % 



POPULATION. 



39 



PLATE IV. 

Distribution of Foreign Stock. 

All Foreign Stock: 63.3 % of total population 




Irish 


13.6 % 


British and Canadian 
(non-Prench) 


12.9 % 


French (Canada, France, 
Belgium) 


11.6 % 


Italian 


10.2 % 


Portuguese 


l-^fo 


Polish 


2.5 % 


Saandinavian 


2-5 % 


German 


1.6 % 


Turkey in Asia (Armenian) 


.8 % 


All others 


3.8 % 



40 



COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. 



PLATE V. 

Foreign Born Population of Providence by Countries of Birth. 

All Foreign Born: 32.5 /S of total population 




Italy 8.3 % of total population 

Ireland 5-8 % 

England 4.2 ^ 

Russia 2.5 ^ 

Portugal \.h % 



Canada 1.6 ^ 

(non-French) 



Canada ( 1.6 ^ 
(French) 

Sweden 1-4 ^ 

Poland \.1 % 

Turkey in 0.9 ^ 
Asia 

Scotland 0.8 % 

Gennany 0.8 ^ 

All others 1.8 jS 



POPULATION. 



41 



PLATE VI. 

Native Born of Foreign Born Fathers in Providence by Countries of Fathers' Birth. 

All oountriea: 32.8 % of total population 



Ireland 11-5^ of' total population 
Italy 6.7 % 

England 3-6 ^ 

Canada (French) 1-9/5 
Russia, 1-9 ^ 

1.2 % 



Germany 
Sweden 
Scotland 
Portugal 



1.1 % 



0.9 ^ 
0.8;? 
0.8 % 

Poland 0.8 ^ 

Turkey in Aaia 0.2 % 
All others \A % 



Canada (non- 
French^ 



42 



COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. 



PLATE VII. 

Foreign Stock : (Native Born of Foreign Born Fathers, and Foreign Born,") of Providence by 

Countries of Birth. 



All count riea: 65- 3 % of total population 







^^^HHB^^^^ 






■1 Ireland 


17-3 % of 


total population 




Italy 


15-0 % 




— 


England 


7-8 JS 


• 


IB 


Russia 


4.4 % 




- 


Canada (French) 




■ 


Sweden 


2.5 % . 




■ 


Portugal 


2.4 % 




■ 


Canada 2.A % 
(non-French) 




■ 


Germany 


2.0 % 




■ 


Poland 


2.0% 




■ 


Scotland 


1.7% 




1 


Turkey in 
Asia 


1.1 % 




wm 


All Others? 


1-2% 





POPULATION. 



43 



PLATE VIII. 

Foreign Born White Males: Twenty Years of Age and Over, Born in Austria. 



Under $8. 
$8. to $10. 
$10.- $12. 
$12.- $14. 
$14- $l6. 
$16.- $l8 

$1-8.- $20. 
$20.- $25. 
Over $25. 




5. % 

19 -if- 
12.9^ 

17.8^ 
13.5% 

i7-9?5 
18. f. 



5.2f. 

e.5% 
9.9% 

9-6^ 

4.1^ 
12. % 



Solid line: average weekly wage of 514- Wage Earners. •- 
-Hollow line: average weekly inco]pe of 333 Heads of Families 



44 



COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. 



PLATE IX. 

Foreign Born White Males: Twenty Years of Age and Over, Born in Canada (French) 



Under $3, 



08.-$10. 



$10. -$12. 



$12. -$14. 



$14.-$16. 



$16.-$13 



!.-$20, 



$20. -$25. 



Over $25. 




c 



3.< 
22.8^ 



Solid bar: average weekly wage of 1212 Wage Earners. 
Hollow bar: average weekly income of 897 Heads of Families 



POPULATION, 



45 



PLATE X. 

Foreign Born White Males: Twenty Years of Age and Over, Bom in Canada (Non-French) 



"Under $8. 
^8. -$10. 

012. -$14. 
^12.-$l6. 
5l6.-$l8. 
*l8.-$20. 
$20. -$25. 
Over $25. 



D 



□ 




1.6 

.8 

2.7 

1-9 

4.1 
2.5 

10.6 
9-5 

24.4 
15.9 

9. 
9.2 

15-2 
12.6 

18.2 

19-4 
14.2 



] 28.3 



Solid bar: average v/eekly wage of 88I Wage Earners. 

Hollow bar: average weekly incorr.e of 643 Heads of Families. 



46 



COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. 



Under $0. 
$8. -$10. 
$10. -$12. 
$12.-ei4 
*14.-$l6. 
$16.-$18. 
$18.-^20. 
$20.-$25. 

Over $25. 



PLATE XL 

Foreign Bom White Males: Twenty Years of Age and Over, Born in England.. 

% 
"^ 1.8 



D 




.6 

5.5 
3.7 

9.9 
7.3 

15.5 

11.4 

I24.4 

17.7 

9.2 
9.2 

12.5 
11.2 

11.2 
14.3 

9.9 
I24.4 



Solid bar: average weekly wage of 3296 V/age Earners. 
Hollow bar: average weekly income of 2533 Heads of Families 



POPULATION. 



47 



PLATE XII, 

Foreign Born White Males : Twenty Years of Age and Over, Born in Germany 



Under 




over 



7o 

2.2 
• 9 

4.4 
3-2 

5.6 

14.7 
9.1 

21.3 
15.6 

8.2 

7.7 

12.5 

11-3 

14.1 

17. 

17. 



di^ 



Solid tar: average weekly wage of 591 Wage Earners. 

Hollow tar: average weekly income of 441 Heads of Families, 



48 



COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. 



PLATE XIII. 

Foreign Born White Males : Twenty Years of Age and Over Born in Ireland. 



Under $8.- 
08.-*lO. 
$10.-^12. 
$12. -§14. 
$14.-$l6. 
$l6.-.fpl8. 
$18. -$20 
$20. -$25. 
over $25.' 



n 




I 



2.9 

1.1 

7.5 

4.7 

15.8 

8.6 
21. 

13.5 
20.6 
14.8 

8.5 

7.1 

9. 

9»1 

9.8 
16.5 

4.9 
]24.6 



Solid tar: average weekly age of 3821 v/age Earners. 

Kollow "oar: average weekly income of 2745 Heads of FajTiilies 



POPULATION. 



49 



PLATE XIV, 

Foreign Born White Males: Twenty Years of Age and Over, Born in Italy. 



Under $8. 



§8. -$10. 



$10. -$12, 



$12. -$14. 



$114. -$l6. 



ei6.-ei8. 



5. -$20. 



$20. -$25. 




over $25. 



Z] 



: 



18. 

20. 


5 


B 


32.2 


20. 


5 


24. 


5 


12. 


9 


11 


8 


10 


2 


7 


2 


11 




2 




5 


.8 


2 


.2 


6 


A 


1 


.1 


6 






.5 


7 


.2 



solid bar: average weekly wage of 7178 Wage Earners 



Kollow bar 



: average weekly incoite of 424? Heads of Families. 



50 



COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. 



PLATE XV. 

Foreign Born White Males : Twenty Years of Age and Over, Born in Portugal and Portuguese 

Possessions. 



Under $8 
$8.-SlO. 
$10. -$12. 
$12. -$14. 
$14.-$l6. 
$l6.-$.l8. 
$l8.-$20. 
$20. -$25. 




Over $2^. 



10.2^ 
18. % 

19. 7f^ 
20.6^ 

17.2^ 
15.4^ 

6.9^ 
14.9^ 

5-5% 

5-7% 

3.4^ 

3.9^ 

Q.e% 
6.9^ 



Solid ban average weekly wage of 983 Wage Earners. 
■Hollow bar: average weekly income of 646 Heads of Families 



POPULATION. 



51 



PLATE XVI. 

Foreign Born White Males: Twenty Years of Age and Over, Born in Russia. 



Under 




Over $25 



Solid bar: average weekly wage of 1799 Wage Earners. 
Hollow bar: average weekly income of 1157 Heads of Families 



52 



COMMISSIONER OF LABOE. 



PLATE XVII. 

Foreign Bom White Males: Twenty Years of Age and Over, Born in Scandinavian 

Countries. 



Under $S 
$8. -$10. 
§10. -$12. 
$12. -$14. 
$14.-$l6. 
$16.-$18. 
$l8.-$20. 
$20. -$25. 



D 




Over $25. 



Solid Bar: average weekly wage of I280 V/age Earners. 
Hollow Bar: average weekly income of 896 Heads of Families 



1.6 
.2 

2.3 



3.< 

13. 

8.' 

20." 

16. 
11. 

9- 

16. 

13. 

20. 

21. 

6. 
26, 



POPULATION. 



53 



PLATE XVIII. 

Foreign Born While Males : Twenty Years of Age and Over, Born in Scotland. 



Under 



'D 




over $25 



Solid bar: average weekly wage of 601 Wage Earners. 

Hollow bar: average weekly income of 416 Heads of Families. 



54 



COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. 



PLATE XIX. 

Foreign Born White Males : Twenty Years of Age and Over, Born in Turkish Empire. 



Under $0. 



SIO -$12 
$12. -$14. 
$l'i.-$l6 
$16.-S18.; 
018. -$20 

$20. -$2?.; 

over $25 



14. 5 



Solid bar: average v/eekly wage of 1025 Wage Earners. 
Hollow bar: average weekly income of 262 Heads of Familiee 



29.8 
6.1 



'35.2 

14..4 
13.8 

10.8 

14.5 

4.5 
10.3 

1.4. 
6.1 

1.6 
5-7 

• 1. 
9.9 

1-3 
19.1 



POPULATION. 



55 



GERMANY 
IRELAND 
ENGLAND 
SCANDINAVIA 

SCOTLAITO 
CANADA (other) 
CAITADA (French) 
AUSTRIA 
RUSSIA 

TURKEY 
ITALY 

PORTUGAL 



PLATE XX. 

Naturalization by Nationalities. 






7\% 

41% 

Wo 

21% 



14% 



-percentage naturalized of total number in United States 
over five years . ( Enuiaeration by countries where 100 
or more males over twenty years of age tabulated) . 



56 



COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. 



PLATE XXI. 

Largest Groups by Nationalities in Order of Size. 



NATIOH OF NumlDer per 
BIRTH cent 



ITALY 



7178 30. 



Relative 
order in num- 
ber naturalized 

11 



IRELAND 



3821 16. 



ENGLAND 



3296 13-5 



RUSSIA 



1799 l.'i 



CANADA 1212 5.5. 

(French) 

SCANDINAVIA 1280 5-5 



TURKEY 



1025 



10 



PORTUGAL 



SCOTLAND 



983 



CANADA 881 3.5 
(other) 



601 2.5 



;2 

6 
5 



GERMANY 



591 2.5 



AUSTRIA 



514 2. 



OTHERS 636 2.5 
TOTAL 23,817 100. 



Turkey 



72 % 



Portugal 45 % 



POPULATION. 



57 



PLATE XXII. 

Literacy by Selected Groups. 



Scotland 100^ 



England 99-7^ 




Canada 98.^ 

Non-French 

Scandinavia 98 % 



Germany 97 % 



Ireland 95 




Austria 89 % 



Canada 87 % 

French 

Russia 78 % 



Italy 



70 % 



The percentage indicates the portion of the group 
able to read some language. 



58 



COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. 



PLATE XXIII. 

Relative Size of Families by Selected Groups. 

Italian {63.5^) 



Portuguese 



Canada, French 

(51. 5f^) 

Irish (49.5^) 



Russia W'% ) 
(Poles & Jews) 



Scotch (41.^5 ) 



Austria (40.^) 
(Poles & Jews) 

Turkey (37-^ ) 
(Syrians and 
Annenians) 

Canada, (33-5^) 

Non-French 



English (33-^) 



Swedes (29.^) 



Gennans (28.5^) 



The shaded bar represents the nuciter of heads 
of families with five or more members in the 
family. Thus 63.5^ of the Italians who are 
heads of families have families with five or 
more members; 36.5?^ of them have families of 
four o r under. 



POPULATION. 



59 



TABLE I. — ^Native and Foreign Born Population of Rhode Island, 1900 

1915. 



Nativity. 


1900. 


1905. 


1910. 


1915. 




428,556 
(100%) 
294,037 
(68.6%) 
134,519 
(31.4%) 


480,082 
(100%) 
326,928 
(68.1%) 
153,154 
(31.9%) 


542,610 
(100%) 
363,469 
(67.0%) 
179,141 
(33,0%) 


595,968 




(100%) 
409,542 




(68.8%) 
186,344 




(31.2%) 



TABLE II. — Foreign Stock by Chief Nationalities. 



Nationality. 



1910. * 



1915. 



British Isles and Canadat (except Ireland) 

Canada (French) , France, Belgium 

Ireland 

Italy 

Germany 

Poland 

Portugal 

Scandinavian Countries . . . ; 

Turkey in Asia 



63,021 


77,100 


65,177 


69,594 


73,568 


71,610 


42,261 


61,050 


9,048 


10,794 


t 


■ 15,693 


9,963 


18,013 


14,208 


15,633 


3,868 


5,107 



*The figures for 1910 are obtained by adding the number of foreign born of each group to the 
number of that group born in the United States of b'>tfi parents born abroad. The 1915 figures are 
obtained by adding the number of foreign born to the number native born with foreign born 
fathers. In the case of the British Isles, Canada, both French and others, and Ireland this diffen- 
ence makes the figures under 1910 somewhat smaller than would be the case were the same basis 
as for 1915 used. In the other countries there is very little difference, and the ratio may be taken 
as approximately correct. The reasons for using the different bases lies in the different methods of 
compiling information by the Federal Census Bureau and by the Rhode Island Bureau of Industrial 
Statistics. 

fNon-French. 

Jln the Federal Census of 1910 no figures are given for the Poles alone for Rhode Island. 

TABLE III. — Foreign Born by Principal Countries op Birth. 



Country of Bibth. 



1900. 



1905. 



1910. 



1915. 



*British Isles and Canada (Non-French) 
Canada (French) France and Belgium . . 

Ireland 

Italy 

Germany 

Poland 

Portugal 

Scandinavian Countries 

Turkey in Asia 



36,220 

31,530 

35,499 

8,972 

4,359 



2,483 
6,814 
214t 



38,242 

33,152 

32,629 

18,014 

4,463 

4,104 

5,293 

8,162 

l,723t 



42,162 
34,087 
29,715 
27,286 
4,457 



6,068 
8,606 
3,132 



42,723 

31,416 

27,044 

33,802 

4,227 

9,489 

10,449 

8,230 

3,896 



*Except Ireland. 

tin 1900 and 1905 all persons born in the Turkish Empire were enumerated together, conse- 
quently the figures for these years include persons born both in European and Asiatic Turl<ey. 



60 



COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. 



TABLE IV. — Native and Foreign Born Population by Cities and Towns. 



Cities and Towns. 



Total. 



Native 
Born. 



Per 

Cent. 



Foreign 
Born. 



Per, 

Cent. 



THE STATE. 



Beistol County. 
Barrington .... 

Bristol 

Warren 



Kent County .... 

Coventry 

East Greenwich . 

Warwick 

West Greenwich . 
West Warwick . . 



Newpokt County. 

Jamestown 

Little Compton . 
Middletown . . . . 

Newport 

New Shoreham . . 
Portsmouth .... 
Tiverton 



Providence County . 

Burrillville 

Central Falls 

Cranston 

Cumberland 

East Providence . . . 

Foster 

Gloeester 

Johnston 

Lincoln 

North Providence . . 
North Smithfield. . . 

Pawtucket 

Providence 

Scituate 

Smithfield 

Woonsocket 



Washington County . 

Charlestown 

Exeter 

Hopkinton 

Narragansett 

North Kingstown . . 

Richmond 

South Kingstown . . . 
Westerly 



595,986 

20,525 
2,982 

10,302 
7,241 

38,866 
5,669 
3,604 

13,302 
509 

15,782 

43,865 
1,518 
1,382 
1,992 

30,472 
1,414 
2,678 
4,409 

465,937 
8,086 

23,708 

26,940 
9,929 

18,584 
1,076 
1,491 
6,693 

10,149 
6,780 
2,805 

55,335 

247,660 

3,342 

3,284 

40,075 

26,793 

901 

904 

2,496 

1,431 

3,931 

1,458 

5,497 

10,175 



409,542 

13,106 
2,070 
6,350 
4,686 

27,823 

4,423 

2,854 

9,882 

460 

10,234 

33,976 
1,248 
1,172 
1,433 

23,448 
1,3.58 
2,004 
3,313 



312 
5 

14 

19 
6 

14 
1 
1 
4 
6 
3 
2 

36, 

167, 

3, 

2, 

23, 



,884 
,839 
412 
491 
,629 
,615 
,017 
,359 
207 
,099 
,839 
,054 
836 
397 
057 
104 



21,853 
797 
843 
2,239 
1,207 
3,596 
1,224 
4,784 
7,162 



68.8 

63.9 
69.4 
61.7 
64.8 

71.6 
77.5 
79.4 
74.2 
90.4 
64.9 

77.5 
82.3 
84.8 
72.0 
77.0 
96.1 
74.5 
75.2 

67.2 
72.2 
60.9 
72.4 
66.8 
78.7 
94.5 
91.2 
61.4 
60.1 
57.1 
73,6 
66.6 
67.5 
91.5 
64.2 
59.7 

71.6 

88.6 
93.3 
89.7 
84.4 
91.2 
84.0 
86.5 
70.4 



186,344 

7,419 

912 

3,952 

2.555 

11,043 

1,276 

750 

3,420 

49 

5,548 

9,889 
270 
210 
559 

7,024 

56 

674 

1,096 

153,053 

2,247 

9,296 

7,449 

3,300 

3,969 

59 

132 

2,486 

4,050 

2,911 

741 

18,499 

80,263 

285 

1,180 

16,186 

4,940 
103 
61 
257 
224 
335 
234 
713 

3,013 



31.2 

36.1 
30.6 
38.3 
35.2 

28.4 
22.5 
20.6 
25.7 
9.6 
35.1 

22.5 
17.7 
15,2 
28.0 
23.0 
3.9 
25.5 
24.8 

32.8 

27.8 

39.1 

27.6 

33.2 

21.3 
5.5 
8.8 

38.6 

39.9 

42.9 

26.4 

33.4 

32.5 
8.5 

35.8 

40.3 

28.4 
11.4 

6.7 
10.3 
15.6 

8.8 
16.0 
13.5 
29.6 



POPULATION. 61 

TABLE V.-^Native and Foreign Stock by Cities and Towns. 



Cities and Towns. 


Total. 


Native 
Stock. 


Per 

Cent. 


Foreign 
Stock. 


Per 
Cent. 


THE STATE . . '. 


595,986 

20,525 
2,982 

10,302 
7,241 

38,866 
5,669 
3,604 

13,302 
509 

15,782 

43,865 
1,518 
1,382 
1,992 

30,472 
1,414 
2,678 
4,409 

465,937 
8,086 

23,708 

26,940 
9,929 

18,584 
1,076 
1,491 
6,693 

10,149 
6,780 
2,805 

55,335 

247,660 

3,342 

3,284 

40,075 

26,793 

901 

904 

2,496 

1,431 

3,931 

1,458 

5,497 

10,175 


218,027 

6,389 
1,211 
3,080 
2,098 

15,850 
3,019 
1,917 
6,568 
412 
3,934 

21,858 

991 

902 

923 

14,544 

1.312 

1,316 

1,870 

156,910 

2,962 

4,420 

12,127 

2.736 

9,495 

955 

1,150 

1,536 

2,141 

1,622 

1,163 

17,850 

86,062 

2,666 

1,307 

8,717 

17,202 

702 

757 

1,995 

952 

3,237 

1,007 

4,007 

4,293 


36.7 

31.2 
40.6 
30.0. 
29.1 

40.8 
53.3 
53.4 

49.4 
81.4 
25.0 

50.6 
65.4 
65.3 
46.4 
47.8 
92.9 
49.0 
42.4 

34.2 
36.7 
18.8 
45.1 
27.6 
51.2 
88.7 
77.2 
21.5 
21.1 
24.0 
41.6 
32.3 
34.7 
79.8 
40.0 
21.9 

65.6 
78.0 
83.8 
79.2 
66.7 
82 1 
69.2 
73.5 
42.3 


377,959 

14,136 
1,771 
7,222 
5,143 

23,016 

2,650 

1,687 

6,734 

97 

11,848 

22,007 

527 

480 

1,069 

15,928 . 

102 

1,362 

2,539 

309,027 

5,123 

19,288 

14,813 

7,193 

9,089 

121 

341 

5,157 

8,008 

5,158 

1,642 

37,485 

161,598 

676 

1,977 

31,358 

9,773 
199 
147 
501 
479 
694 
451 

1,420 

5,882 


63.3 


Bristol County 


68.8 




59.4 




70.0 




70.9 




59.2 




46.7 




46.6 




50.6 




18.6 




75.0 


Newport County 


49.4 




34.6 




34.7 




53.6 




52.2 




7.1 




51.0 




57.6 


Providence County 


65.8 
63.3 




81.2 




54.9 




72.4 




48.8 


Foster 


11.3 




22.8 




78.5 




78.9 




76.0 


North Smithfield 


58.4 




67.7 




65.3 




20.2 


Smithfield 


60.0 




78.1 


Washington County 


36.4 
22.0 


Exeter 


16.2 




20.8 




33.3 


North Kingstown 


17.9 
30.8 


South Kingstown 


26.5 
57.7 







Native stock as used here means native born of native born fathers. 
Foreign stock means foreign born and native born of foreign born fathers 



62 



COMMISSIONEK OF LABOR. 



TABLE VI. — Foreign Born in Rhode Island by Principal Countries of 

Birth, 1915. 



Cities and Towns. 


mo 


fa 
^,^-£ 

3 gl3 
.Ofaffi 


3 
£ 
« 


a 
"3 


"3 


Poland. 




S 

11 

02O 


a 

01 

3'ot 


THE STATE 


42,723 

772 
173 
311 
292 

1,838 
166 
161 
925 
5 
601 

2,051 
40 
10 
59 

1,559 

21 

96 

266 

36,447 

513 

2,520 

1,698 

1,407 

980 

23 

41 

806 

1,117 

1,319 

81 

8,080 

16,229 

87 

335 

1,201 

1,614 

29 

23 

126 

62 

130 

105 

244 

895 


31,416 

1,057 

22 

280 

755 

3,593 

630 

50 

428 

10 

2,475 

392 


4,227 

129 
25 
55 
49 

173 
15 
15 
91 

52 

300 
10 


27,044 

645 
120 
356 
169 

745 
50 
110 
289 
5 
291 

2,458 

42 

9 

63 

2,261 
,5 
31 
47 

22,716 

236 

974 

871 

739 

520 

2 

7 

74 

299 

120 

83 

2,979 

14,586 

28 

61 

937 

480 

15 

6 

22 

58 

79 

15 

101 

184 


33,802 

2,238 
517 

1,379 
342 

1,661 
117 

178 

736 

2 

628 

563 

7 


9,489 

594 

6 

124 

464 

846 

256 

14 

21 

23 

532 

133 

2 


10,449 

1,668 

11 

1,333 

324 

759 

5 
157 

597 

2,428 
121 
178 
396 
657 
3 
510 
563 

5,580 

5 

7 

257 

2 

1,097 

1 

1 

25 

24 

29 

72 

225 

3,737 

17 

64 

17 

14 

1 
2 

1 
2 

4 
4 


8,230 

87 
36 
20 
31 

1,167 

21 

201 

684 

3 

258 

620 
7 
2 
5 

580 

12 

8 

6 

6,481 

19 

86 

1,401 

31 

540 

4 

19 

13 

63 

3 

509 

3,965 

8 

16 

145 


3,896 


BbISTOL CotTNTY 


82 








10 




■72 




20 








1 


Warwick 


16 








3 




60 






Little Compton 




1 

199 

3 

9 

180 

26,085 

1,091 

2,911 

450 

464 

159 

13 

46 

154 

1,826 

426 

381 

3,463 

4,352 

106 

438 

9,805 

289 

8 

11 

29 

8 

51 

18 

37 

127 


14 

254 

2 

7 

13 

3,514 

31 

44 

331 

51 

82 

7 

9 

53 

53 

75 

18 

544 

2,013 

13 

20 

170 

111 

7 

8 
11 

8 
10 
17 
50 


14 

534 

2 

6 

27,427 

119 

26 

2,233 

11 

307 

2 

1 

1,269 

204 

809 

33 

939 

20,. 563 

12 

176 

773 

1,863 

25 

5 

12 

25 

27 

4 

257 

1,508 


122 

1 
8 

8,330 
59 

1,658 

80 

490 

43 

14 

184 

13 

49 

579 

2,958 

36 
2,167 

186 

2 
41 
11 

1 
67 

1 
63 


1 




54 




3 


Portsmouth 

Tiverton 


2 


Providence County 

Burrillville 


3,698 
23 


Central Falls 


768 


Cranston 

Cumberland 

East Providence 


82 

3 

68 


Foster 




Glocester . . ' 

Johnston 

Lincoln 


45 
6 


North Smithfield 


443 


Pawtucket 


2,118 

8 


Scituate 

Smithfield 


134 


Washington County 

Charlestown 

Exeter 


133 
16 

2 
14 
13 
28 

6 
28 
26 


36' 
1 


Narragansett 


19 








3 


Westerly 


13 



*Excluding Ireland, and including non-French Canadian. 



POPULATION. 



63 



TABLE VII.— Native Born with Foreign Born Fathers by Principal 
Countries of Birth of Fathers, 1915. 



Cities and Towns. 



THE STATE. 



Bristol Countt . 
Barrington. . . . 

Bristol 

Warren 



-Kent County .... 

Coventry 

East Greenwich . 

Warwick 

West Greenwich. 
West Warwick . . 



Newpoht County . 

Jamestown 

Little Compton . 
Middletown . . . . 

Newport 

New Shoreham . . 

Portsmouth 

Tiverton 



Providence County . 

Burrillville , 

Central Falls 

Cranston , 

Cumberland 

East Providence . . . 

Foster 

Glocester 

Johnston 

Lincoln 

North Providence . . 
North Smithfield. . . 

Pawtucket 

Providence 

Scituate 

Smithfield 

Woonsocket 



Charlestown 

Exeter 

Hopkinton 

Narragansett .... 
North Kingstown . 

Richmond 

South Kingstown. . 
Westerly 



mo 



Washington County 1,419 



34,796 

636 
181 
262 
192 

1,474 
147 
118 
639 
3 
507 

3,114 

55 

46 

97 

2,561 

17 

125 

313 

28,154 

1,215 

1,497 

1,510 

1,208 

1,064 

32 

58 

515 

600 

414 

104 

5,168 

13,397 

88 

169 

1,115 



^ »rS 



36 
32 
109 
66 
129 
101 
197 
749 



38,178 

1,350 

27 

312 

1,011 

4,709 

651 

86 

509 

20 

3,443 

543 
2 
3 
8 

210 



2 
318 

31,244 

1,307 

5,225 

492 

613 

269 

7 

81 

251 

1,972 

595 

480 

4,450 

5,460 

162 

287 

9,-593 

352 
4 
22 
32 
10 
64 
27 
67 

126 



228 
65 

106 
57 

295 
21 
33 

155 



86 

847 
23 



23 

763 

13 

9 

15 

5,018 
53 
60 

452 
59 

204 

3 

15 

57 

44 

105 
33 
15 
3,026 
13 
22 

157 

190 

8 

6 

12 

29 

16 

6 

32 

81 



44,566 

1,124 
107 



348 

1,768 

97 

263 

514 

4 



4,426 

44 

13 

45 

4,141 

5 

54 

124 

36,151 

752 

1,931 

1,501 

1,-567 

1,285 

14 

16 

225 

1,093 

267 

170 

6,465 

28,361 

78 

128 

2,298 

1,097 

21 

22 

43 

113 

122 

39 

198 

539 



"3 




27,248 


6,204 


1,545 


478 


457 


12 


882 




196 


466 


1,101 


616 


100 


242 


101 


12 


471 


3 




6 


429 


353 


567 


119 


3 


111 


7 


2 


557 


90 




6 




21 



22,575 

104 

12 

2,038 

14 

299 

3 

1 

1,505 

105 

730 

18 

654 

16,614 

37 

90 

251 

1,460 
18 



16 

10 

3 

187 

1,215 



856 
77 

420 
34 



4 

26 

384 

2,111 



32 
818 

77 



7,564 

1,165 

17 

924 

224 

385 
1 



100 



284 

2,251 
111 
224 
373 
368 
3 
535 
637 

4,914| 3,751 
5l| 12 



1 

126 

6 

1,223 



22 
18 

17 
55 
154 
2,043 
20 
44 
10 

12 



OjO 



7,403 

45 

6 

106 

57 

1,248 
' 9 
271 
688 
7 
273 

729 

1 

1 

3 

588 

13 

10 

13 

5,261 
27 



720 
20 

611 
4 
25 
18 
16 
66 
12 

530 

3,060 

13 

22 

157 

120 
9 
1 

15 
1 

16 
2 

111 

65| 



fr><i 



1,211 
35 



11 
24 



1,136 

24 

153 

62 

2 

24 



129 

687 

2 



53 



64 



COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. 



TABLE VIII. — Pbincipal Racial Groups by Cities and Towns, 1915. 





English 
Speaking. 


French. 


Mediter- 
ranean. 


Germanic. 


Cities and Towns. 


cS o 


S 

w 

a 

M 
"v 

1 


2fe 


a 

P3 
a 
SP 

1 




M 
a 

M 




S 
PQ 

a 

1 


THE STATE 


88,108 

1,848 
288 
992 
568 

2,693 
244 
406 

1,342 
7 

1,397 

7,641 

100 

59 

142 

6,702 

22 

179 

437 

74,192 

1,969 

3,314 

3,008 

2,773 

2,341 

46 

74 

740 

1,693 

681 

274 

11,642 

41,746 

166 

297 

3,475 

2.505 

57 

54 

152 

179 

251 

140 

395 

1,287 


69,670 

1,332 
281 
608 
434 

2,585 
216 
252 

1,215 

10 

892 

4,422 

83 

28 

122 

3,823 

26 

127 

313 

59,244 

749 

3,496 

2,572 

2,152 

1,511 

25 

32 

880 

1,616 

1,439 

164 

11,064 

30,879 

.115 

396 

2,138 

2,096 

45 

29 

148 

120 

209 

120 

345 

1,080 


38,178 

1,350 

27 

312 

1,011 

4,709 

651 

86 

509 

20 

3,443 

543 
2 
3 
8 

210 

2 
318 

31,244 

1,307 

5,225 

492 

613 

269 

7 

81 

251 

1,972 

595 

480 

4,450 

5,460 

162 

287 

9,593 

352 
4 
22 
32 
10 
64 
27 
07 

126 


31,416 

1,057 

22 

280 

755 

3,593 

630 

50 

428 

10 

2,475 

392 

1 

199 

3 

9 

180 

26,085 

1,091 

2,911 

450 

464 

159 

13 

46 

154 

1,826 

426 

381 

3,463 

4,352 

106 

438 

9,805 

289 

8 

11 

29 

8 

51 

18 

37 

127 


38,360 

282 

455 

1,810 

419 

1,491 
101 
101 

574 

716 

4,209 
110 
270 
381 

2.168 

8 

534 

738 

27,511 

117 

12 

2,038 

20 

1,561 

3 

1 

1,526 

126 

751 

71 

889 

18,844 

37 

134 

260 

1,465 

18 

4 

8 

15 

10 

3 

192 

1,214 


45,888 

236 

529 

2,717 

674 

2,458 

117 

192 

899 

2 

1,248 

3,289 
133 
179 
410 

1,471 

10 

513 

573 

34,321 

125 

49 

2,538 

15 

1,407 

3 

2 

1,296 

268 

839 

108 

1,431 

25,063 

29 

240 

900 

1,898 

26 

7 

12 

38 

29 

4 

263 

1,519 


15,339 

2,684 

57 

112 

113 

1,519 

33 

304 

802 

7 

373 

1,353 

46 

1 

26 

1,206 
27 
19 
28 

11,842 

124 

83 

1,510 

63 

831 

7 

43 

99 

72 

196 

50 

1,376 

7,064 

20 

28 

266 

343 

17 

7 

27 

37 

34 

9 

55 

157 


14,424 




3,920 




56 




79 




101 




1,443 




48 




218 




817 




3 




357 


Newport County 


1,119 
34 




2 




20 




1,009 




13 




19 




22 


Providence County 


11,336 
170 


Central Falls 


143 




1,529 




136 




674 




21 




32 




108 




96 




149 


North Smithfield 


38 
1,163 




6,487 




21 


Smithfield 


38 




541 


Washington County 


290 
23 


Exeter 


2 


Hopkinton 


26 




26 


North Kingstown 


38 
17 


South Kingstown 

Westerly 


54 
104 



POPULATION. 



65 



TABLE IX. — Native and Foreign Born in Providence by Wards, 
1910 and 1915. 



Wabds. 



^. 1915 

<^^*y 1910 

Ward 1 . ^^^^ 

^-^2 ■ mi 

^-d3 ]i\i 

^'^'^4 nil 

™^ So 

^^"^^ 1910 

Ward7 . . ^9^^ 

1910 

™« So 

^-^^ So 

^-•^^0 So 



Total. 



247,660 
224,326 
22,787 
20,908 
23,838 
19,626 
31,359 
27,730 
19,854 
19,803 
22,924 
21,813 
25,564 
21,869 
19,386 
18,225 
27,395 
23,830 
30,890 
28,451 
23,654 
22,071 



Native Born. 



Number. 



167,397 
148,023 
14,951 
14,505 
16,939 
14,314 
17,118 
15,344 
13,299 
13,370 
15,830 
14,627 
20,335 
17,100 
15,444 
15,298 
18,472 
15,362 
17,307 
15,103 
15,923 
14,000 



Per 
Cent. 



67.5 
65.9 
65.6 
69.3 
71.1 
72.9 
54.6 
55.0 
67.3 
67.1 
69.0 
67.1 
79.5 
78.2 
78.6 
78.3 
67.4 
64.5 
56.0 
.53.0 
67.3 
63.4 



Foreign Born. 



Number 



80,263 

76,690 

7,836 

6,403 

6,899 

5,312 

13,241 

12,386 

6,555 

6,433 

7,094 

7,186 

5,229 

4,769 

3,942 

3,927 

8,923 

8,468 

13,583 

13,348 

7,731 

8,071 



Per 

Cent. 



32.5 
34.1 
34.4 
30.7 
28.9 
27.1 
45.4 
45.0 
32.7 
32.9 
31.0 
32.9 
20.5 
21.8 
21.4 
21.7 
32.6 
35.5 
44.0 
47.0 
32.7 
36.6 



66 COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. 

TABLE X. — Population Elements in Providence by Principal Groups. 



Groups. 



English speaking 

Mediterranean (no French) . 

Germanic 

Hebrew 

French 

Slavic 

Others 



Total 80,263 



Foreign Born. 



55 



30,879 
25,063 
6,487 
8,253 
4,352 
1,424 
3,805 



&H d. 



12.5 
10.1 
2.7 
3.3 
1.8 
0.6 
1.5 



32.5 



Native Born. 
Foreign Fathers. 



41,746 
18,884 
7,064 
6,190 
5,460 
1,308 
683 



81,335 



16.8 
7.6 



32.8 



Foreign Stock. 



72,625 
43,947 
13,551 
14,443 
9,812 
2,732 
4,488 



161,598 



29.3 
17.7 
5.6 
5.8 
4.0 
1.1 
1.8 



65.3 



English speaking as here used includes those born in the British 
Isles, Canada, excluding, French-Canadians, and Australia. The 
ethnic groups of the British Isles are thus combined into a single 
language group. 

By Mediterranean is meant those bom in Italy, Greece, Portugal, 
Spain, the West Indies and South America. Since, as may be seen 
from other tables, a very small number is enumerated under other 
countries than Italy and Portugal, the error resulting from the 
possible inclusion of other than Mediterranean stock in those bom 
in the West Indies and South America is negligible. 

Germanic includes those from Germany, Austria, and the Scan- 
dinavian countries. In the case of both Austria and Germany, 
Hebrews and certain Slavs are found. 

Under Hebrew are included all those born in Romania and Russia, 
outside of Russian Poland. Since there is a comparatively small 
number of Slavs (except Poles) coming to Rhode Island from the 
Russian Empire, it is safe to assume that practically all included 
under this heading are Hebrews. (See comments on tables for whole 
State.) 

French include French Canadians, those born in France and in 
Belgium. 



POPULATION. 



67 



TABLE XI. — Foreign Stock in Providence by Principal Countries op 

Birth. 



Country by Birth. 



Canada, (French). 
Canada, other. . . 

England 

Germany 

Ireland 

Italy 

Polandt 

Portugal 

RussiaJ 

Scandinavia 

Scotland 

Turkey in Asia . . . 
All Others 



Total 80,263 



Foreign Born. 



3,796 

3,784 

10,335 

2,013 

14,586 

20,563 

2,958 

3,737 

6,308 

4,030 

2,034 

2,118 

4,001 



1.6 
1.6 
4.2 
0.8 
5.8 
8.3 
1.2 
1.6 
2.5 
1.7 
0.8 
0.9 
1.5 



32.5 



Native Born. 
Foreign Fathers. 



4,752 

1,939 

9,023 

3,026 

28,361 

16,614 

2,111 

2,043 

4,673 

3,060 

2,340 

687 

2,706 



1.9* 
0.8 
3.6 
1.2 
11.5 
6.7 
0.8 
0.8 
1.9 
1.2 
0.9 
0.2 
1.3 



81,335 32.8 161,598 



Foreign Stock. 



8,548 
5,723 

19,358 
5,039 

42,947 

37,177 
5,089 
5,780 

10,981 
7,090 
4,374 
2,805 
6,707 



3.5* 
2.4 
7.8 
2.0 
17.3 
15.0 
2.0 
2.4 
4.4 
2.9 
1.7 
1.1 
2.8 



65.3 



*Per cent, of total population of city. 
tAustrian, German and Russian. 
JExcept Poland. 



68 



COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. 



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napaAig 



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1-1 omcoN >-i.-i lom 



005 I>tH 0s<N TfiO 0(N 



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mo lo o 

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m O 0) 
•^ ^ ft 



POPULATION. 



69 






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■* lO 


t^ CO 


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lO 01 


CO 00 
r» LO 


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— C<I 

F-H I— I 


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t- 00 


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t^ OS 


CO OS 

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CO T)fl 


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C^tD COIN OOS OO 



o a tDT»( 0000 COOS 00 LO c^jo 



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— — -^ ^ 00 b- M t-H ■" — 



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t^ O >0 M I-H M 



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■^ 'I OS ■* CO M 

i-T .-h" uo -^ 



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CO 

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^oi a;Cu Qri cl) ci qjc3 qjc3 ^rt qjcS ©^ 5^5 ^S 

3i 2i 3i 3i 3i 3s 3i 3i 3s 31 3s 



70 



COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. 



TABLE XIV. — Foreign Born White Males, in Providence, Twenty Years 
OF Age and Over. Average Weekly Wage. 



Country of Bikth 


'2 
o 

514 

78 

1,212 

881 

39 

3,296 

104 

591 

182 

30 

3,821 

7,178 

103 

983 

53 

1,799 

601 

20 

17 

1,138 

39 

1,025 

24 

39 

50 


■si 

"Sr-T 


00 

-0 
IS 


d 

00 


o 
O 


o 

(M 
«© 


to 

p 
■* 
«© 


00 

«© 

o 

o 
s© 


i 

o 

00 


u 



i 


in 
IN 
e© 

> 
O 




94 

4 

140 

98 

7 

439 

18 

38 

33 

3 

662 

2,037 

16 

203 

10 

338 

98 

8 

2 

130 

1 

246 

2 

6 

8 


48 

1 

29 

14 

1 

57 

3 

13 

31 

2 

112 

1,327 

3 

210 

3 

146 

18 

3 

2 

17 

2 

306 

8 


99 

12 

73 

24 

3 

181 

13 

26 

44 

3 

288 

2,312 

2 

179 

8 

483 

34 

2 

3 

24 

361 

1 
5 
6 


91 

29 

116 

36 

2 

323 

10 

33 

41 

1 

605 

1,756 

8 

194 

5 

343 

55 

3 

7 

148 

8 
5 


92 

6 

200 

93 

1 

517 

25 

87 

33 

3 

803 

847 

12 

170 

7 

263 

96 

2 

2 

153 

3 

111 

2 

8 

7 


70 

7 

309 

216 

5 

805 

22 

126 

18 

13 

786 

517 

13 

69 

10 

244 

123 

5 

1 

245 

7 

46 

5 

9 

7 


27 

2 

119 

79 

6 

305 

3 

48 

4 

2 

326 

138 

12 

51 

2 

66 

60 

2 

1 

123 

1 

14 

3 

3 

2 


39 

5 

154 

135 

7 

415 

7 

74 

3 

4 

345 

151 

17 

54 

6 

111 

78 

1 

187 
4 
16 
6 
3 
8 


27 

12 

170 

160 

10 

368 

12 

83 

4 

2 

374 

98 

21 

38 

8 

94 

70 

3 


?1 




4 




4?! 




1?4 




4 




31^5 




9 




101 




4 








IS'? 


Italy 


3^ 


Norway 


15 

IS 




4 


Russia 


49 
67 












232 

8 

10 

4 
3 

7 


65 


Switzerland 

Turkey 


10 

13 


Wales 


3 











POPULATION. 



71 



TABLE XV.— Foreign Born White Males, in Providence, Twenty Years 
OF Age and Over. Average Weekly Family Income. 



Country of Birth. 


C3 S 

Be 

I! 

Ho 


00 

o 
-0 

a 


d 
o 

i 


IN 

O 

o 

99 


T)5 

o 

(N 


o 
9» 


00 

o 


an 

o 

OO 


o 


<N 
> 

o 




333 
48 

897 

643 

30 

2,533 

69 

441 

55 

24 

2,745 

4,274 

80 

646 

35 

1,159 

416 

7 

13 

786 
25 

262 
18 
27 
29 


17 

7 
5 

15 
1 
4 
4 
1 

29 

856 

1 

66 


43 

8 
34 
12 

2 
94 

8 
14 
12 

130 
881 

100 


45 
12 
51 
16 

184 

2 

15 

7 

1 

235 

544 

2 

133 

2 

140 

18 

2 

5 

30 

1 

36 


60 

3 

104 

61 

1 

290 

10 

40 

9 

1 

370 

437 

5 

99 

4 

150 

34 

2 
72 

1 
38 


41 

4 

174 

102 

4 

449 

10 

69 

8 

10 

407 

471 

5 

96 

8 

160 

63 

1 

2 

137 

2 

27 

1 

6 

1 


22 

3 
79 
59 

4 
228 

5 
34 

1 

1 

194 

246 

10 

29 

2 
73 
38 

1 


33 

4 
94 
81 

6 
283 

5 
50 

2 

2 

250 

277 

10 

22 

2 
96 
47 

1 


32 

8 

151 

125 

6 

373 

8 

75 

4 

5 

554 

255 

18 

56 

7 

153 

64 


40 




6 


Canada, (Freuch) 

Canada, other 


203 

182 
7 




617 


France 


20 


Germany 


140 




7 


Holland 


3 




676 


Italy 


307 


Norway 


29 




45 


Roumania 


10 




33 
o 

1 
2 
1 
1 
16 

2 


178 

14 

1 

1 

5 

38 
1 

1 
4 


176 


Scotland 


136 


South America 




Spain 


1 
165 
5 
26 
3 
2 
5 






67 
1 

16 
1 
4 
1 


105 
1 
15 
3 
5 
6 


''04 


Switzerland 

Tvirkey 


13 
50 


Wales 


9 


West Indies 


4 
2 


2 
2 


3 


Other Countries 


6 



72 



COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. 



TABLE XVI. — Occupations by Selected Groups, Foreign Born White 
Males, in Providence, Twentvt Years of Age and Over. 







£ 


O 




>> 

c 

03 
S 

o 
















Occupations. 


03 
< 


C8 
"i 

a 

03 

O 


03 
TS 
03 

6 


-0 

a 

03 


1 


"3 


3 

1 


.2 
1 


T3 

1 
1 


d 

1 


3 
Eh 


Agents and Sales people . . . 


20 


43 


64 


171 


26 


100 


83 


22 


107 


35 


15 


22 


Agricultural pursuits 


3 


2 


1 


15 


2 


104 


91 


22 


7 


11 


15 


4 


Apparel, Workers on 


33 


9 


9 


8 


11 


25 


324 


11 


102 




21 


20 


Building trades 


23 


247 


117 


200 


33 


237 


568 


77 


90 


51 


224 


7 


Clerical Work 




6 


18 


67 


15 


49 


35 


1 


16 


11 


7 


3 


Domestic and Personal 






service 


38 
18 


81 

28 


71 
29 


221 
70 


48 
51 


266 

84 


399 
303 


48 
169 


31 
65 


29 

18 


39 
21 


82 


Food and kindred products. 


30 


Jewelry, gold and silver 




























74 
49 
24 


86 
30 
10 


57 
7 
9 


454 
46 
27 


106 

9 

40 


208 
580 
244 


479 

1,641 

190 


19 
90 

8 


188 
86 
47 


34 

11 

1 


171 

8 


107 




98 


Liquor and beverages 


2 


Lumber and its manu- 


























facture 


10 
60 


34 
183 


13 
192 


35 

808 


12 
73 


38 
630 


41 
871 


25 
135 


11 
400 


4 
189 


13 
446 


16 


Manufactures, baser metals 


456 


Manufactures, textiles .... 


110 


238 


48 


803 


118 


408 


1,435 


19 


511 


112 


10 


104 


Manufactures, miscella- 




























15 
4 


36 

4 


50 
10 


128 
24 


14 
3 


248 
9 


171 
12 


95 

2 


108 
12 


15 
6 


28 

1 


30 


Printing and publishing . . . 


5 


Transportation 


15 
18 


92 
83 


126 
60 


131 

88 


15 
15 


503 
90 


473 
62 


211 
39 


49 
69 


33 
41 


76 
43 


33 




6 






Total 


514 


1,212 


881 


3,296 


591 


3,821 


7,178 


983 


1,799 


601 


1,138 


1,025 







POPULATION. 



73 



TABLE XVII. — Residence and Naturalization, City of Providence. 





o 


■d 
.2 

'a 

2 


Years in 
United States. 


1 


1 
3 



0) 

•m.2 




CountryJIof Birth. 


6 

> 

a 


a 

> 


d 

> 




c 
4; 




514 

78 

1,212 

881 

39 

3,296 

104 

591 

182 

30 

3,821 

7,178 

103 

983 

53 

1,799 

601 

20 

17 

1,138 

39 

1,025 

39 

50 


161 

14 

564 

417 

25 

2,072 

42 

419 

12 

10 

2,538 

1,283 

64 

104 

21 

453 

308 

6 

2 

638 

21 

99 

18 

18 


122 

32 

35 

62 

2 

285 

10 

51 

80 

1 

238 

1,177 

7 

270 

9 

418 

49 

2 

4 

105 

3 

55 

7' 


136 

24 

104 

75 

4 

534 

20 

50 

73 

14 

393 

1,856 

11 

221 

12 

526 

85 

2 

8 

188 

4 

268 

9 

18 


256 

22 

1,073 

744 

33 

2,477 

74 

490 

29 

15 

3,190 

4,145 

85 

492 

32 

8,55 

467 

16 

5 

855 

32 

202 

30 

25 


143 

14 

425 

403 

24 

1,664 

40 

394 

5 

9 

2,423 

1,158 

58 

102 

15 

325 

293 

6 

2 

575 

21 

87 

18 

11 


392 

46 

1,177 

819 

37 

3,011 

94 

540 

102 

29 

3,583 

6,001 

96 

723 

44 

1,381 

552 

18 

13 

1,033 

36 

470 

39 

43 


41 




30 




48 


Canada, other 


51 




68 




69 




45 


Germany 


78 




12 


Holland 


33 


Ireland 


71 


Italy 


20 




66 




14 


Roumania 


48 




32 




55 




33 


Spain 


15 




62 




60 


Turkey 


21 


West Indies 


46 




41 







*Percentage naturalized of number five years or more in the United States; i. e., presumably 
eligible to naturalization. 



74 



COMMISSIONEK OF LABOR. 



TABLE XVIII. — Literacy and Civil Status, City of Providence. 





LiTERACT. 


Crv- 


iL Status. 


Religion. 


Country of Birth. 


Read. 


Write. 


1 
2 


2 

03 

£ 
S 


i 

< 


a 

C3 

1 


.a 
O 


j3 






Yes. 


No. 


Yes. 


No. 


O 




456 

53 

1,057 

873 

38 

3,288 

97 

573 

138 

30 

3,722 

5,050 

103 

441 

52 

1,412 

601 

18 

14 

1,117 

39 

740 

24 

37 

48 


58 

25 

155 

8 
1 
S 
7 
18 
44 

99 

2,128 

542 

1 

387 

2 

3 

21 

285 

2 
2 


448 

44 

1,032 

859 

38 

3,274 

93 

566 

136 

29 

3,673 

3,541 

102 

437 

52 

1,365 

601 

17 

13 

1,102 

39 

714 

24 

37 

47 


66 

34 

180 

22 

1 

22 

11 

25 

46 

1 

148 

3,637 

1 

546 

1 

434 

3 

4 

36 

311 

2 
3 


161 

14 

564 

417 

25 

2,072 

42 

419 

12 

10 

2,538 

1,283 

64 

104 

21 

453 

308 

6 

2 

638 

21 

99 

18 

18 

18 


70 

10 

53 

73 

6 

370 

14 

48 

15 

9 

308 

1,296 

6 

43 

15 

350 

65 

2 

161 
7 
36 
3 
5 
4 


283 

54 

595 

391 

8 

854 

48 
124 
155 

11 

975 

4,599 

33 
836 

17 
996 
228 

12 

15 
339 

11 

890 

3 

16 

28 


66 

■8 

46 

570 

35 

2,708 

35 

436 

9 

20 

195 

20 

98 

7 


272 

66 

1,166 

311 

3 

561 

68 

135 

173 

10 

3,624 

7,158 

5 

972 


162 

4 


14 


















1 
9 

17 






18 


France 


1 




3 






Holland 










2 


Italy 










Portugal 


53 
840 


4 








25 

459 

2 

2 

1,108 

23 

176 

21 

23 

27 


932 

142 

14 

15 

20 

16 

518 

3 

16 

15 


2 








2 


2 


















Turkey 


3 


328 


Wales 










Other Countries 


3 


5 







POPULATION. 



75 



TABLE XIX. 





S 
o 


Conjugal 
Condition. 


Relationship. 


Number in Family. 


Country of Birth. 


■a 

03 


a 
m 


o 


•6 

03 


> 

"S 
-a 


o 
PQ 


ffl 

7 

13 
11 

45 
4 

7 
8 

58 
88 

12 

21 

4 

5 
16 

1 
34 

1 

1 


d 
Eh 

42 

15 

135 

147 

9 

509 

17 

115 

14 

6 

453 

357 

12 

106 

4 

127 

66 

1 

2 

150 

5 

34 

3 

7 


6 
t 

H 

65 

15 

120 

148 

8 

627 

14 

111 

11 

4 

421 

498 

19 

132 

4 

219 

95 

2 

2 

183 

9 

48 

4 

4 

8 


& 

82 

4 

167 

123 

6 

516 

12 

83 

9 

5 

457 

621 

15 

122 

10 

226 

80 

1 

1 

177 

3 

48 

8 

10 

5 


6 
> 

S 

44 

7 

120 

94 

2 

364 

12 

61 

6 

4 

422 

806 

13 

104 

4 

214 

67 

1 

1 

103 

2 

35 

2 

4 

5 


> 

o 

o 

W 




514 

78 

1,212 

881 

39 

3,296 

104 

591 

182 

30 

3,721 

7,178 

103 

983 

53 

1,799 

601 

20 

17 

1,138 

39 

1,025 

24 

39 

50 


373 

58 

926 

656 

30 

2,475 

71 

447 

85 

24 

2,643 

5,558 

80 

734 

36 

1,416 

422 

7 

S 

732 

28 

460 

18 

31 

32 


134 

19 

246 

207 

8 

670 

31 

123 

97 

6 

989 

1,506 

18 

227 

17 

379 

154 

13 

9 

378 

6 

558 

5 

8 

18 


7 

1 

40 

18 

1 

151 

2 

21 

189 

214 

5 

22 

25 

28 


333 

48 

897 

645 

30 

2,533 

69 

441 

55 

24 

2,745 

4,272 

80 

646 

35 

1,159 

416 

7 

13 

786 

25 

262 

18 

27 

29 


68 
4 

155 

106 
5 

409 

9 

44 

13 

4 

422 

1,268 

9 

104 
14 

268 

93 

9 

1 

105 
3 

118 
3 
4 
4 


113 

26 

160 

130 

4 

354 

26 

106 

114 

2 

654 

1,638 

14 

233 

4 

372 

92 

4 

3 

257 

11 

645 

3 

8 

17 


93 




7 


Canada, (French) 


342 

122 




5 


England 


472 


France 


12 




64 




7 


Holland 


4 


Ireland 


934 


Italy 


1902 


Norway 


21 




170 




13 




352 


Scotland 


104 


South America 


2 


Spain 


'?. 




157 


Switzerland 

Turkey 


5 
63 


Wales 


3 


"West Indies 


6 


Other Countries 


3 



76 



COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. 



TABLE XX. — Residence in the United States and in Rhode Island. 





Years in the United 
States. 


Years in Rhode Island. 


Country of Birth. 


Under 
Five. 


Five 
to Ten. 


Over 
Ten. 


Under 
Five. 


Five 
to Ten. 


Over 
Ten. 




122 

32 

35 

62 

2 

285 

10 

51 

80 

1 

238 

1.177 

7 

270 

9 

418 

49 

2 

4 

1,105 

3 

555 


136 

24 

104 

75 

4 

534 

20 

50 

73 

14 

393 

1,856 

11 

221 

12 

526 

85 

2 

8 

188 

4 

268 

9 

18 


256 

22 

1,073 

744 

33 

2,477 

74 

490 

29 

15 

3,190 

4,145 

85 

492 

32 

855 

467 

16 

5 

855 

32 

202 

30 

25 


163 

33 

87 

114 

5 

408 

20 

83 

102 

8 

347 

1,188 

14 

343 

12 

441 

86 

6 

6 

143 

9 

579 

2 

12 


155 

25 

162 

118 

9 

511 

22 

69 

61 

12 

373 

1,916 

21 

231 

16 

531 

99 

2 

5 

197 

7 

270 

10 

15 


196 




30 




963 




649 




25 


England 


2,377 


France 


62 


Germany 


439 


Greece 


19 


Holland 


10 


Ireland 


3,101 


Italy 


4,074 




68 


Portugal 


409 


Roumania 


25 


Russia 


627 


Scotland 


416 




12 




6 


Sweden 


798 


Switzerland 


23 


Turkey 


176 


West Indies 


27 


Other Countries 


7 


23 







POPULATION. 



77 



TABLE XXI. — Distribution by Age Periods. 



Total. 


20 to 30. 


31 to 40. 


41 to 50. 


51 to 60. 


514 


226 


154 


88 


29 


78 


25 


33 


14 


6 


1,212 


259 


364 


301 


194 


881 


196 


249 


260 


122 


39 


10 


8 


12 


7 


3,296 


587 


928 


960 


532 


104 


31 


24 


28 


11 


591 


101 


60 


143 


107 


182 


103 


50 


25 


4 


30 


9 


7 


12 


1 


3,821 


616 


976 


1,241 


638 


7,178 


2,053 


2,075 


1,477 


899 


103 


22 


21 


27 


23 


983 


399 


337 


162 


66 


53 


22 


12 


7 


6 


1,799 


622 


467 


508 


141 


601 


125 


149 


165 


114 


20 


12 


2 


4 


2 


17 


7 


6 


1 


3 


1,138 


246 


418 


265 


149 


39 


9 


9 


7 


10 


1,025 


376 


278 


248 


114 


24 


9 


3 


6 


4 


39 


6 


11 


11 


8 


50 


19 


15 


8 


6 



61 and 



Austria 

Belgium 

Canada (French) 
Canada (Other) . 

Denmark 

England 

France 

Germany 

Greece 

Holland 

Ireland 

Italy 

Norway 

Portugal 

Roumania 

Russia 

Scotland 

South America . . 

Spain 

Sweden 

Switzerland 

Turkey 

Wales 

West Indies 

Other Countries . 



17 



94 

54 

2 

289 

10 

80 



1 

350 

674 

10 

19 

7 

61 



60 
4 
9 
2 
3 
2 



78 



COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. 



TABLE XXII. — Immigeants Landing at Port of Providence, 1915, by 
Destinations and Countries of Origin. 





Destination. 


Race. 


Rhode 
Island. 


New 

England 

not Rhode 

Island. 


New 
York. 


Elsewhere. 


Total. 


Arabian 








1 
64 
14 

4 

5 
50 

4 
130 


1 


Armenian 


73 


199 


45 


381 


Berber 


14 


English 








4 


French 


1 
16 




1 
3 


7 


Greek 


12 


81 


German 


4 


Italian 


639 


227 


35 

1 

1 

543 

1 

24 


1,031 
1 


Jew 


Kurdish 


109 
.545 


212 

2,410 

1 


43 
901 


365 


Portuguese 


4,399 


Russian 


2 


Spanish 


5 


294 
1 

244 
24 


323 


Swiss 


4 

112 

76 


5 


Syrian 


68 
30 


87 
12 


511 


Turk 


142 






Total 


1,486 


3,253 


753 


1,779 


7,271 



Percentage bt Destinations. 



All. 



Armenians , 
Italians. . . 
Kurdish . . . 
Portuguese 
Syrians . . . 
Turks. . . . 



20.4% 


44.8% 


lp.3% 


24.5% 


19.2% 
61.0% 
30.0% 
12.6% 
13.3% 
21.2% 


52.2% 
22.0% 
58.2% 
54.8% 
21.9% 
53.5% 


11.9% 
4.4% 


16.7%. 
12.6% 
11.8%. 


12.6% 

17.0% 

8.4% 


20.0% 
47.8% 
16.9% 



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